ArticleHarm reduction journal2020
Prevalence and risk factors associated with HIV-1 infection among people who inject drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a sign of successful intervention?
Article in Harm reduction journal, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and epidemiological distribution of substance use among people living with HIV in the East African region: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
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- Article
- A look beyond the needle: high prevalence of injecting risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Zanzibar.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Impact of scaling up harm reduction interventions on injecting risk behaviours, ART outcomes and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs in Kenya.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Recent Incarceration and HIV Risk Among Women Who Use Heroin.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Psychometric performance of tools to measure internalized drug use stigma among people who use drugs and people on medication-assisted treatment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- From trauma to transmission: exploring the intersection of adversity, substance use, and HIV risk in women's life histories.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Prevalence and predictors of depressive and anxiety symptoms in a sample of women who use drugs in Tanzania: the key role of drug use stigma.BMC psychiatry · 2023Article
- Changes in and Predictors of HIV among People Who Inject Drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India, from 2007 to 2021.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Low engagement of key populations in HIV health services in Tanzania: analysis of community, legal and policy factors.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Review
- HIV and its associated factors among people who inject drugs in Mizoram, Northeast India.PloS one · 2023Article
- Pattern of contributing behaviors and their determinants among people living with HIV in Iran: A 30-year nationwide study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Testing for Drug-Related Infectious Diseases and Determinants among People Who Use Drugs in a Low-Resource Setting: A Respondent-Driven Cross-Sectional Survey.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Housing instability and violence among women who use drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Article
- Structural, everyday, and symbolic violence and the heightened vulnerability to HIV of women who use drugs in Tanzania.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2021Article
- Correlates of Non-fatal, Opioid Overdose among Women Who Use Opioids in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus Infections in Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Key Populations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.International journal of microbiology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrevalence of HIV infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) has been reported to be higher than that of the general population. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection and associated risk factors among PWID in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, following the introduction of a comprehensive HIV intervention package (CHIP) for PWID in the country in 2014.
methodsWe conducted an integrated bio-behavioral survey (IBBS) among PWID using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between October and December 2017. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risky behaviors were collected through face-to-face interviews. Blood samples were collected and tested for HIV infection. We accounted for weighting in the analyses, and logistic regression was performed to assess risk factors for HIV infection.
resultsA total of 611 PWID (94.4% males and 5.6% females) with a median age of 34 years (IQR 29-38) were recruited. The overall prevalence of HIV infection was 8.7% (95% CI 6.5-10.9). The prevalence of HIV infections for males and females were 6.8% (95% CI 4.7-8.9%) and 41.2% (95% CI 23.7-58.6%) respectively. Adjusted weighted logistic regression analysis (WLRA) showed that being a female (aOR 19.1; 95% CI 5.9-61.8), injecting drugs for more than 10 years (aOR = 7.32; 95% CI 2.1-25.5) compared to 1 year or less and being 45 years or older (aOR = 34.22; 95% CI 2.4-489.5) compared to being 25 years or younger were associated with increased odds of HIV infection. Use of a sterile needle at last injection decreased odds of HIV infection (aOR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.8).
conclusionsThe present study observed a decline in prevalence of HIV infections among PWID in Dar es Salaam (8.7%) compared to a previous estimate of 15.5% from an IBBS conducted in 2013. Despite the decrease, HIV prevalence remains high among PWID compared to the general population, and women are disproportionally affected. The decline may be possibly attributed to the on-going implementation of CHIP for PWID, highlighting the need for strengthening the existing harm reduction interventions by incorporating access to sterile needle/syringe and addressing the layered risks for women.
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