ArticleJournal of the American Heart Association2020
Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity: Evolution of Race and Ethnicity Considerations for the Cardiology Workforce in the United States of America From 1969 to 2019.
Article in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- German Physicians and Medical Students Do Not Represent the Population They Serve.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Diversity in modern heart failure trials: Where are we, and where are we going.International journal of cardiology · 2022Review
- Feasibility of an Assessment Tool as a Data-Driven Approach to Reducing Racial Bias in Biomedical Publications.Journal of medical systems · 2021Article
- Lack of Equity in the Cardiology Physician Workforce: A Narrative Review and Analysis of the Literature.CJC open · 2021Review
- Article
- Fundamental Discussions on Race and Ethnicity for the Cardiology Workforce for the United States of America.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Article
- Seeking racial and ethnic equity among neonatologists.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2021Article
- Faults and Standards in Publishing on Race: A Commentary and Recommendation.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Equity, Diversity, and Inclusiveness in Cardiovascular Medicine and Health Care.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- A Path Forward.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Retraction to: Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity: Evolution of Race and Ethnicity Considerations for the Cardiology Workforce in the United States of America From 1969 to 2019.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Diversity, Equity, and Inclusiveness in Medicine and Cardiology.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Diversity, Inclusion, and Equity: Evolution of Race and Ethnicity Considerations for the Cardiology Workforce in the United States of America From 1969 to 2019.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2020-08-06Bias Issues or Lack of Balance · Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Error in Text · Objections by Author(s) · Objections by Third Party · · Between August 2020 and October 2023, the retraction notice was updated and the page was overwritten with the originally promised rebuttal by JAHA.
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- Commented on byA Path Forward.2020
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- Retracted
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Since 1969, racial and ethnic preferences have existed throughout the American medical academy. The primary purpose has been to increase the number of blacks and Hispanics within the physician workforce as they were deemed to be "underrepresented in medicine." To this day, the goal continues to be population parity or proportional representation. These affirmative action programs were traditionally voluntary, created and implemented at the state or institutional level, limited to the premedical and medical school stages, and intended to be temporary. Despite these efforts, numerical targets for underrepresented minorities set by the Association of American Medical Colleges have consistently fallen short. Failures have largely been attributable to the limited qualified applicant pool and legal challenges to the use of race and ethnicity in admissions to institutions of higher education. In response, programs under the appellation of diversity, inclusion, and equity have recently been created to increase the number of blacks and Hispanics as medical school students, internal medicine trainees, cardiovascular disease trainees, and cardiovascular disease faculty. These new diversity programs are mandatory, created and implemented at the national level, imposed throughout all stages of academic medicine and cardiology, and intended to be permanent. The purpose of this white paper is to provide an overview of policies that have been created to impact the racial and ethnic composition of the cardiology workforce, to consider the evolution of racial and ethnic preferences in legal and medical spheres, to critically assess current paradigms, and to consider potential solutions to anticipated challenges.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.