ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2020
Brain Sex Differences Related to Gender Identity Development: Genes or Hormones?
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic and Environmental Contributions To Gender Diversity: A Systematic Review of the Twin Literature.Behavior genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Maternal Apocynin During Experimental Preeclampsia Prevents BBB Permeability and Increased Vascular Tone of Cerebral Arteries in Male but Not Female Rat Adult Offspring.Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994) · 2026Article
- Genetic, Epigenetic, and Non-Genetic Factors in Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: A Narrative Review.Genes · 2025Review
- Hormonal and Behavioral Consequences of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Social and biological factors related to gender expression in 3-year-old children.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- Pharmacotherapeutic potential of daidzein: insights into mechanisms and clinical relevance.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Sexual Disgust Decreases Sociosexuality Across Genders and Sexual Orientations.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Using twin data to examine heritable and intrauterine hormonal influences on transgender and gender diverse identities.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Examining Brain Function Changes in HIV-Infected Patients With Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- The Cognitive Functions Dementia Battery: A Novel Computerized Tool for Neurocognitive Disorders.Aging and disease · 2025Article
- Kiel Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (KGDQ): development and validation of a questionnaire for change-sensitive assessment of gender dysphoria.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Severe Hyperandrogenism in 46,XX Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Molecular Physiopathology, Late Diagnoses, and Personalized Management.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Associations between Gender Expression, Protective Coping Strategies, Alcohol Saliency, and High-Risk Alcohol Use in Post-Secondary Students at Two Canadian Universities.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Early Female Transgender Identity after Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Report from a French National Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Cohort.Journal of xenobiotics · 2024Article
- Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- The genetics and hormonal basis of human gender identity.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- Spectral analysis of strident fricatives in cisgender and transfeminine speakersa).The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · 2023Article
- Insights into Sex and Gender Differences in Brain and Psychopathologies Using Big Data.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The role of the pediatrician in the management of the child and adolescent with gender dysphoria.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Review
- Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Skills: Age and Gender Differences at 12 to 19 Years Old.Journal of Intelligence · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The complex process of sexual differentiation is known to be influenced by biological and environmental determinants. The present review has the aim of summarizing the most relevant studies on the biological basis of sexual development, and in particular, it focuses on the impact of sex hormones and genetic background on the development of sexual differentiation and gender identity. The authors conducted a search of published studies on Medline (from January 1948 to December 2019). The evidence suggests that the sexual dimorphic brain could be the anatomical substrate of psychosexual development, on which gonadal hormones may have a shaping role during prenatal and pubertal periods. Additionally, according to several heritability studies, genetic components may have a role, but a promising candidate gene has not been identified. Even though growing evidence underlines the primary role of biological factors on psychosexual development, further studies are necessary to better explain their complex interactions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.