ArticlePharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)2020
Improving Management of Respiratory Tract Infections in Community Pharmacies and Promoting Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Cluster Randomised Control Trial with a Self-Report Behavioural Questionnaire and Process Evaluation.
Article in Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of educational interventions in improving antimicrobial dispensing by community pharmacists: a systematic review.BMC medical education · 2025Pooled it
- Interventions to reduce non-prescription antimicrobial sales in community pharmacies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of national interventions and policies to optimize antibiotic use in healthcare settings in England.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Pooled it
- Improving healthcare professionals' interactions with patients to tackle antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of interventions, barriers, and facilitators.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of community pharmacist-led interventions to optimise the use of antibiotics.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Using a decision support tool to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use after a delayed prescription.Applied psychology. Health and well-being · 2026Trial
- Implementation fidelity in a multifaceted program to foster rational antibiotics use in primary care: an observational study.BMC medical research methodology · 2022Trial
- A feasibility study of the use of a patient leaflet for respiratory tract infection consultations in general practice in Ireland.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2026Article
- Pharmacist-Led Diagnostics: A New Frontier in Antimicrobial Stewardship.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Patient conversations that matter: assessing the role of TARGET TYI leaflets for respiratory care in England's community pharmacies.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship interventions involving community pharmacy teams: a scoping review.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Review
- Holistic care in mild upper respiratory tract infections (MURTIs): an approach to individualized care management.Drugs in context · 2025Review
- Pilot and quantitative evaluation of the TARGET acne toolkit by UK pharmacy professionals working in general practice.BMJ open · 2024Article
- A Novel GPPAS Model: Guiding the Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Primary Care Utilising Collaboration between General Practitioners and Community Pharmacists.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Mixed-Method Evaluation of a Community Pharmacy Antimicrobial Stewardship Intervention (PAMSI).Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Empowering Patients to Self-Manage Common Infections: Qualitative Study Informing the Development of an Evidence-Based Patient Information Leaflet.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Are We Making the Most of Community Pharmacies? Implementation of Antimicrobial Stewardship Measures in Community Pharmacies: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Divergent and Convergent Attitudes and Views of General Practitioners and Community Pharmacists to Collaboratively Implement Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Australia: A Nationwide Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In England, 81% of all antibiotic prescriptions originate in primary care/community settings, of which up to 20% are thought to be inappropriate. Community pharmacies are often the first point of community contact for patients with suspected infections; providing an opportunity for community pharmacy teams to promote antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The objective of the study was to improve the management of infections and antimicrobial stewardship in community pharmacies. The study methodology included a non-blinded cluster randomised control trial with pharmacy staff in 272 community pharmacies in England. The intervention arm received an AMS webinar and a patient facing respiratory tract infection (RTI) leaflet (TARGET TYI-RTI) for use in everyday practice for four weeks. The control arm received a webinar on how to participate in the study. The primary outcome was self-reported referrals to general practitioners (GPs). The secondary outcomes were; provision of self-care advice/ written information to patients, referrals to pharmacists, sign-posting to non-prescription medicines and common barriers and facilitators to advice-giving in community pharmacies. Ethics approval was granted by the Public Health England Research Ethics and Governance Group. 66.91% (182 of 272) of pharmacies provided 3649 patient consultation data reports across both arms. Use of the leaflet was associated with a lower likelihood of referrals to GPs for certain RTIs (p < 0.05) and a more frequent provision of self-care advice than the control (p = 0.06). Opportunities to deliver self-care advice were limited due to lack of time. Pharmacy staff had good motivation and capability for managing self-limiting infections but the opportunity to do so was a perceived barrier. Use of the TARGET leaflet facilitated pharmacy staff to give more self-care advice and decreased referrals to GPs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.