ArticlePloS one2020
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agents are associated with lower risk for Alzheimer's disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05522387 (An Open Label Extension of XPro1595 in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease That Have Completed a Phase 1 or Phase 2 Study With XPro1595), which is not on this map. Cited by 94 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
An Open Label Extension of XPro1595 in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease That Have Completed a Phase 1 or Phase 2 Study With XPro1595
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- The interplay between epidermal cells and the cutaneous sensory nervous: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of dementia: An updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- A Narrative Review: Do Systemic Drugs Used in the Treatment of Psoriatic Disease Affect Alzheimer's Disease?Dermatology and therapy · 2026Review
- Sarcopenia in cognitive disorders: Toward a shared pathophysiological framework.Osteoporosis and sarcopenia · 2026Review
- Selective Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor for Attenuating Alzheimer's Disease: Strategies Targeting Neuroinflammation.Inflammation · 2026Review
- Assessing the repurposing potential of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug targets to reduce Alzheimer's disease risk: a Mendelian randomization study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- 4-Chlorobenzylamine Containing Maleic Acid Derivatives: Synthesis,ACS chemical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Blood measure of neuronal death is exponentially higher with age, especially in females, and halted in Alzheimer's disease by GM-CSF treatment.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- The importance of TNF-α signaling: a potential risk factor in neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and emerging therapeutic targets.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- From Skin to Brain: Key Genetic Mediators Associating Cutaneous Inflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases.Genes · 2025Review
- Exploring the skin as an open window onto neurodegenerative diseases.Translational neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Associations of semaglutide with Alzheimer's disease-related dementias in patients with type 2 diabetes: A real-world target trial emulation study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- KGiA: Drug repurposing through disease-aware knowledge graph augmentation.Journal of biomedical informatics · 2025Article
- Dementia Risk in Psoriasis Patients Treated with Biologics: A Propensity Score-matched Population-based Cohort Study.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2025Article
- The role of the hippocampus and SLC39A8 in chronic musculoskeletal pain-induced dementia: a Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis.Drugs & aging · 2025Review
- Immune modulation to treat Alzheimer's disease.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Inflammatory Bridges: Interconnections Between Alzheimer's Disease and Bone Health.Aging and disease · 2025Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This large, retrospective case-control study of electronic health records from 56 million unique adult patients examined whether or not treatment with a Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) blocking agent is associated with lower risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and other inflammatory diseases which are mediated in part by TNF and for which a TNF blocker is an approved treatment. The analysis compared the diagnosis of AD as an outcome measure in patients receiving at least one prescription for a TNF blocking agent (etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab) or for methotrexate. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were estimated using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values. RA was associated with a higher risk for AD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.06, 95% Confidence Interval: (2.02-2.10), P-value <0.0001) as did psoriasis (AOR = 1.37 (1.31-1.42), P <0.0001), ankylosing spondylitis (AOR = 1.57 (1.39-1.77), P <0.0001), inflammatory bowel disease (AOR = 2.46 (2.33-2.59), P < 0.0001), ulcerative colitis (AOR = 1.82 (1.74-1.91), P <0.0001), and Crohn's disease (AOR = 2.33 (2.22-2.43), P <0.0001). The risk for AD in patients with RA was lower among patients treated with etanercept (AOR = 0.34 (0.25-0.47), P <0.0001), adalimumab (AOR = 0.28 (0.19-0.39), P < 0.0001), or infliximab (AOR = 0.52 (0.39-0.69), P <0.0001). Methotrexate was also associated with a lower risk for AD (AOR = 0.64 (0.61-0.68), P <0.0001), while lower risk was found in patients with a prescription history for both a TNF blocker and methotrexate. Etanercept and adalimumab also were associated with lower risk for AD in patients with psoriasis: AOR = 0.47 (0.30-0.73 and 0.41 (0.20-0.76), respectively. There was no effect of gender or race, while younger patients showed greater benefit from a TNF blocker than did older patients. This study identifies a subset of patients in whom systemic inflammation contributes to risk for AD through a pathological mechanism involving TNF and who therefore may benefit from treatment with a TNF blocking agent.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.