ReviewGenes and immunity2020
Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
Review in Genes and immunity, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pilot phase results of a prospective, randomized controlled trial of narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Experimental dermatology · 2022Trial
- Exploring the role of neuro-immune modulation for psoriasis management: a narrative review of existing evidence and future therapies.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Article
- Aberrant mitochondria in endometriosis: From pathogenic mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities.iScience · 2026Review
- Mast cell specific Cyp11a1 deficiency promotes T cell mediated immunity and suppresses tumour metastasis in a mouse model of melanoma.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Study on the Effect of Antibiotics on the Efficacy of PD-1 Inhibitors and Its Regulatory Mechanism via the Intestinal Bacterial Community.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- A 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) Inhibitor, 11b-0048, Effectively Suppresses the Expression of 11β-HSD1 Activated in Cultured Keratinocytes and in Diabetic Murine Skin.Annals of dermatology · 2026Article
- ChIP happens: from biochemical origins to the modern omics toolbox for understanding steroid hormone receptors.The Biochemical journal · 2026Review
- The neural niche in cancer: mechanistic insights into tumor-neuron-immune crosstalk and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- A Review of Biological Pathways of Chronic Stress as a Risk Hub for Multiple Psychosomatic Diseases From the Perspective of Clinical Nursing.Nursing research and practice · 2026Review
- Evaluation of ascorbic acid as an intervention of metal toxicity in dogs in Kabwe district.Veterinary and animal science · 2025Article
- Discovery and development of steroidal enzyme inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs: state-of-the-art and future perspectives.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Serum steroid metabolome pattern is associated with the response to prednisolone therapy of male patients with IgA nephropathy.Renal failure · 2025Article
- The Skin Microenvironment: A Dynamic Regulator of Hair Follicle Development, Cycling and Disease.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Neuro-immuno-endocrinology of the skin: how environment regulates body homeostasis.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Short-term stress preconditioning activates sympathetic innervation in the testes to mitigate testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The Role of Selected Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comparative Analysis of HPA-Axis Dysregulation and Dynamic Molecular Mechanisms in Acute Versus Chronic Social Defeat Stress.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Cortisol prevents the suppressive effect of LPS on bovine oocyte maturation in vitro.The Journal of reproduction and development · 2025Article
- Perturbing local steroidogenesis to improve breast cancer immunity.Nature communications · 2025Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Glucocorticoid synthesis is a complex, multistep process that starts with cholesterol being delivered to the inner membrane of mitochondria by StAR and StAR-related proteins. Here its side chain is cleaved by CYP11A1 producing pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to cortisol by the enzymes 3-βHSD, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, and CYP11B1. Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the regulation of the immune system and exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Although corticosteroids are primarily produced in the adrenal gland, they can also be produced in a number of extra-adrenal tissue including the immune system, skin, brain, and intestine. Glucocorticoid production is regulated by ACTH, CRH, and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα. The bioavailability of cortisol is also dependent on its interconversion to cortisone, which is inactive, by 11βHSD1/2. Local and systemic glucocorticoid biosynthesis can be stimulated by ultraviolet B, explaining its immunosuppressive activity. In this review, we want to emphasize that dysregulation of extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production can play a key role in a variety of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus (LE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and skin inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Further research on local glucocorticoid production and its bioavailability may open doors into new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.