SynthesisDigestive diseases and sciences2021
Mode of Delivery Does Not Affect the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Synthesis in Digestive diseases and sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- From signals to systems: the epigenetic-microbiome-mitochondrial axis in IBD pathogenesis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gastrointestinal consequences of cesarean section birth: A systematic review of short- and long-term effects in infancy and beyond.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: exploring the impacts of environmental factors.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2026Review
- Mode of birth and risk of inflammatory bowel disease in offspring: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- Environmental risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease: toward a strategy of preventative health.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2025Review
- [Update on the pathophysiology, prediction and prevention of inflammatory bowel diseases].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Early Life and Childhood Environmental Exposures, More Than Genetic Predisposition, Influence Age of Diagnosis in a Diverse Cohort of 2952 Patients With IBD.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2024Article
- Review
- Caesarean section and risk of infection in offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.BMJ medicine · 2024Article
- Early life exposures and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: Systematic review and meta-analyses.EClinicalMedicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecent evidence suggests that exposures in early life that are known to influence microbiome development may affect the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cesarean section has been associated with altered colonization of commensal gut flora and is thought to predispose to immune-mediated diseases later in life.
aimsTo evaluate the risk of IBD, Crohn's Disease (CD), and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) according to mode of delivery (C-section vs vaginal delivery).
methodsA systematic search was performed in PubMed and Embase. The primary outcome was the risk of IBD in individuals delivered vaginally compared to those born by C-section. Secondary outcomes were UC and CD risk according to mode of delivery and IBD risk in individuals born by emergent compared to elective C-section. Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots and Egger's test. Study's quality was characterized using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
resultsTen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of which seven were population-based. No publication bias was detected. Overall, 14.164 IBD patients and 4.206.763 controls were included. Being born by C-section was not associated with increased risk of IBD [OR 1.01, 95% CI (0.81-1.27), p = 0.92], CD [OR 1.15, 95% CI (0.94-1.42), p = 0.18] or UC [OR 0.94, 95% CI (0.61-1.45), p = 0.79]. No differences were found between emergent and elective C-section in IBD [OR 1.05, 95% CI (0.59-1,87), p = 0.87]. Substantial heterogeneity was found in statistical analysis, and further studies are needed.
conclusionOverall, the risk of developing IBD was not affected by mode of delivery.
Indexed as
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.