ArticleBiological psychiatry2020
Schizophrenia and Epigenetic Aging Biomarkers: Increased Mortality, Reduced Cancer Risk, and Unique Clozapine Effects.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of epigenetic aging in schizophrenia reveals multifaceted relationships with age, sex, illness duration, and polygenic risk.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Pooled it
- Leukocyte telomere length in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders: a meta-analysis of case-control studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Epigenetic aging and DNA methylation biomarker changes following ketamine treatment in patients with MDD and PTSD: a pilot study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Accelerated aging in schizophrenia: integrating epigenetic clocks, telomere dynamics, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and oxidative stress.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- System-Specific Epigenetic Aging Signatures in Autistic Adults.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Associations between mosaic loss and schizophrenia or bipolar disorder of young age.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Replicated evidence for an accelerated rate of whole-body aging in schizophrenia.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Premature aging in serious mental illness.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Review
- The Retinal Age Gap as a Marker of Accelerated Aging in the Early Course of Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Article
- Epigenetic aging in anxiety disorders: diagnostic subtype differences and associations with social functioning.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- EpInflammAge: Epigenetic-Inflammatory Clock for Disease-Associated Biological Aging Based on Deep Learning.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- DoliClock: a lipid-based aging clock reveals accelerated aging in neurological disorders.Aging · 2025Article
- Association of relapse with all-cause mortality in adult patients with stable schizophrenia.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Epigenetics factors in schizophrenia: future directions for etiologic and therapeutic study approaches.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Review
- A torpor-like state in mice slows blood epigenetic aging and prolongs healthspan.Nature aging · 2025Article
- A SuperLearner-based pipeline for the development of DNA methylation-derived predictors of phenotypic traits.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Intermediate endophenotypes and epigenetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Methylation and algorithms in biological aging: a scoping review.Frontiers in aging · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSchizophrenia (SZ) is associated with increased all-cause mortality, smoking, and age-associated proteins, yet multiple previous studies found no association between SZ and biological age using Horvath's epigenetic clock, a well-established aging biomarker based on DNA methylation. However, numerous epigenetic clocks that may capture distinct aspects of aging have been developed. This study tested the hypothesis that altered aging in SZ manifests in these other clocks.
methodsWe performed a comprehensive analysis of 14 epigenetic clocks categorized according to what they were trained to predict: chronological age, mortality, mitotic divisions, or telomere length. To understand the etiology of biological age differences, we also examined DNA methylation predictors of smoking, alcohol, body mass index, serum proteins, and cell proportions. We independently analyzed 3 publicly available multiethnic DNA methylation data sets from whole blood, a total of 567 SZ cases and 594 nonpsychiatric controls.
resultsAll data sets showed accelerations in SZ for the 3 mortality clocks up to 5 years, driven by smoking and elevated levels of 6 age-associated proteins. The 2 mitotic clocks were decelerated in SZ related to antitumor natural killer and CD8T cells, which may help explain conflicting reports about low cancer rates in epidemiological studies of SZ. One cohort with available medication data showed that clozapine is associated with male-specific decelerations up to 7 years in multiple chronological age clocks.
conclusionsOur study demonstrates the utility of studying the various epigenetic clocks in tandem and highlights potential mechanisms by which mental illness influences long-term outcomes, including cancer and early mortality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.