SynthesisJournal of the National Medical Association2020
Discrimination Toward Physicians of Color: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Journal of the National Medical Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Workplace discrimination among Muslim nurses in the United States: a qualitative content analysis.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- Experiences of International and Puerto Rican Medical Graduates in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Survey.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Distress Profiles and Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Diverse Healthcare Workers Participating in a Mental Health Screening Program.Academic psychiatry : the journal of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training and the Association for Academic Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Comparing civil legal actions among international and Canadian or American medical graduates in Canada: a retrospective cohort study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Gender and Racial Discrimination During Residency Training: Scoping Review.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- Examining relationships between multifactorial health beliefs and beliefs about the social implications of genetics.Journal of health psychology · 2026Article
- Article
- Navigating discriminatory requests and refusals of healthcare workers: A Canadian-based inpatient hospital algorithm.Nursing ethics · 2026Article
- Health of Hispanic/Latino Workers in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study: Privileges and Disadvantages of Occupational Status and Exposure to Hazards.Occupational health science · 2025Article
- Diversity and Experiences of Radiation Oncologists in Canada: A Survey of Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation, Disability, Race, Ethnicity, Religion, and Workplace Discrimination-A National Cross-Sectional Electronic Survey.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Article
- "These Conversations Shouldn't be Easy … You're Going to Have to Shift. It Means Reflection … It Means Change": Moving Anti-Oppression Beyond Incremental Changes in the GBV Sector.Violence against women · 2025Article
- Physician Experience of Discrimination in a Leadership and Well-Being Program.Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM · 2025Article
- Mind the 'inequality' gap: intersectionality-informed scoping review of inequalities and adverse experiences of health and care workers globally.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Critical Self-reflection on Racism by Hospital Physicians in Large German Cities. A Qualitative Reconstructive Study Using Episodic Interviews.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Workplace bullying, discrimination, harassment and quality of life among pediatric physiatrists.Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- The Moderating Effects of Moral Injury and Discrimination Trauma on Women Physician Trainees' Well-Being.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
- Navigating the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Nursing: Voices of Black Canadian Male Nurses.Nursing inquiry · 2025Article
- Vicarious Racism, Direct Racism, and Mental Health Among Racialized Minority Healthcare Workers.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Changes in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Activities of Family Medicine Departments.Family medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo systematically review published research exploring workplace discrimination toward physicians of color with a focus on discrimination from patients.
methodThe authors searched PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science from 1990 through 2017 and performed supplemental manual bibliographic searches. Eligible studies were in English and assessed workplace discrimination experienced by physicians of color practicing in the U.S. including physicians from ethnic/racial groups underrepresented in medicine, Asians, and international medical graduates. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, 3 reviewers read the full text of eligible studies, and 2 reviewers extracted data and appraised quality using Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for qualitative research or the AXIS tool for quality of cross-sectional studies.
resultsOf the 19 eligible studies, 6 conducted surveys and 13 analyzed data from interviews and/or focus groups; most were medium quality. All provided evidence to support the high prevalence of workplace discrimination experienced by physicians of color, particularly black physicians and women of color. Discrimination was associated with adverse effects on career, work environment, and health. In the few studies inquiring about patient interactions, discrimination was predominantly refusal of care. No study evaluated an intervention to reduce workplace discrimination experienced by physicians of color. Ethnic/racial groups were inconsistent across studies, and some samples included physicians in Canada, non-physician faculty, or trainees.
conclusionWith physicians of color comprising a growing percentage of the U.S. physician workforce, healthcare organizations must examine and implement effective ways to ensure a healthy and supportive work environment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.