ArticleNutrients2020
Estimating 24-Hour Sodium Excretion from Spot Urine Samples in Chinese Adults: Can Spot Urine Substitute 24-Hour Urine Samples?
Article in Nutrients, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Evaluation of three prediction formulas of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese residents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Public health nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Appropriate use of spot-urine sodium estimates for population-level and exploratory analyses: a response to Campbell and Cappuccio.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Elevated urinary sodium thresholds in high-salt diet heart failure: implications for diuretic resistance diagnosis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Estimating sodium and potassium intakes in a Portuguese adult population: can first-morning void urine replace 24-hour urine samples?Journal of nutritional science · 2025Article
- Is a spot urine sample a good substitution to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion in a population ≥ 50 years old? A validation study.European journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- A Method for Estimating 24 h Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion by Spot Urine Specimen in Stroke Patients.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Validation of 4 Estimating Methods to Evaluate 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion: Summer and Winter Seasons for College Students in China.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Validity of predictive equations for 24-h urinary sodium excretion at the population and individual levels among Chinese adults aged 18-69 years.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Estimating 24-Hour Urinary Excretion of Sodium and Potassium Is More Reliable from 24-Hour Urine Than Spot Urine Sample in a Feeding Study of US Older Postmenopausal Women.Current developments in nutrition · 2021Article
- A New Method to Estimate Dietary Sodium Intake From a Spot Urine Sample: Context and Caution.American journal of hypertension · 2021Article
- Assessment and validation of three spot urine assay methods for the estimation of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion in Chinese Tibetan adults living in the mountains.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2021Article
- Validity of five formulas in estimating 24-h urinary sodium via spot urine sampling in hypertensive patients living in Northeast China.Journal of hypertension · 2021Article
- Guideline-Driven Management of Hypertension: An Evidence-Based Update.Circulation research · 2021Review
- Can spot urine measurement be a substitute for 24-hour urine measurement to estimate sodium intake in adolescents?Pediatric investigation · 2021Article
- Processed Food and Atopic Dermatitis: A Pooled Analysis of Three Cross-Sectional Studies in Chinese Adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2021Article
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Several estimating equations for predicting 24-h urinary sodium (24-hUNa) excretion using spot urine (SU) samples have been developed, but have not been readily available to Chinese populations. We aimed to compare and validate the six existing methods at population level and individual level. We extracted 1671 adults eligible for both 24-h urine and SU sample collection. Mean biases (95% CI) of predicting 24-hUNa excretion using six formulas were 58.6 (54.7, 62.5) mmol for Kawasaki, -2.7 (-6.2, 0.9) mmol for Tanaka, -24.5 (-28.0, -21.0) mmol for the International Cooperative Study on Salt, Other Factors, and Blood Pressure (INTERSALT) with potassium, -26.8 (-30.1, -23.3) mmol for INTERSALT without potassium, 5.9 (2.3, 9.6) mmol for Toft, and -24.2 (-27.7, -20.6) mmol for Whitton. The proportions of relative difference >40% with the six methods were nearly a third, and the proportions of absolute difference >51.3 mmol/24-h (3 g/day salt) were more than 40%. The misclassification rate were all >55% for the six methods at the individual level. Although the Tanaka method could offer a plausible estimation for surveillance of the population sodium excretion in Shandong province, caution remains when using the Tanaka formula for other provincial populations in China. However, these predictive methods were inadequate to evaluate individual sodium excretion.
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