ReviewThe Lancet. Infectious diseases2020
Disease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic.
Review in The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 81 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrating mathematical modelling and artificial intelligence to combat emerging viral syndemics: A systematic review.New microbes and new infections · 2026Review
- Cross-Sectional Analysis of Serologic Response to Arthropod-Borne and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in Ghanaian Livestock Herders.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2026Article
- Building a case for accelerated clinical development of drugs and vaccines - what are the driving forces?Globalization and health · 2026Article
- Planning for the future of the American Society for Microbiology's Health Unit by the Council on Microbial Sciences.mSphere · 2026Review
- Pathogen host jump risk is not predicted by spillover rate, but rather by novelty.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Development of X-SIAGA: A disease X and outbreak preparedness intervention for indigenous households in Selangor, Malaysia.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Modelling a potential zoonotic spillover event of H5N1 influenza.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Shotgun metagenomics on indoor air for surveillance of respiratory, enteric, and skin viruses in a Belgian daycare setting, January to December 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- PEARLES challenges and solutions to the implementation of clinical research responses to epidemics and pandemics: a scoping review.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Review
- Mapping global risk of bat and rodent borne disease outbreaks to anticipate emerging threats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A tube-based biosensor for DNA and RNA detection.Science advances · 2025Article
- Environmental Health Risk Evaluation and Potential to Cause Disease X as a Global Pandemic: A Call for Global Preparedness.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Enhancing the clinical translation of stem cell models by focusing on standardization and international regulatory cooperation.World journal of stem cells · 2025Article
- Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in College Students Post COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review Using COVID-19 as a Case Study.Vaccines · 2025Review
- The surge of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) cases in China and global implications.New microbes and new infections · 2025Article
- Application of large language models in disease diagnosis and treatment.Chinese medical journal · 2025Review
- Specialty grand challenge in neuroinfectious diseases.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Changes in insulin resistance and other metabolic parameters during home quarantine amid the COVID-19 pandemic among the general population.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Insights into respiratory illness at the population level through parallel analysis of pharmaceutical and viral markers in wastewater.Nature water · 2025Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
WHO has listed several priority diseases with epidemic potential for which there are no, or insufficient, medical countermeasures. In response, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (with support from PricewaterhouseCoopers) coordinated subject matter experts to create a preparedness plan for Disease X. Disease X is caused by Pathogen X, an infectious agent that is not currently known to cause human disease, but an aetiologic agent of a future outbreak with epidemic or pandemic potential. We have identified crucial areas for acceleration in medical countermeasure product development and international coordination. We have also reviewed novel platforms and process improvements related to manufacturing, which could revolutionise the response to the next pandemic. Finally, we created several coordination and engagement guides. These guides range from the rational design of an intervention target product profile, to the key facets of vaccine and therapeutic development, to accelerated manufacturing and regulatory mechanisms. In this Personal View, we provide a high-level summary of the outcomes of the medical countermeasure development workstream, intended for a broad audience including academia, medical countermeasure developers, and multilateral coordinating bodies. We hope that they might find this piece useful in prioritising strategic investments and efforts to accelerate medical countermeasure development. We observed that in-depth analyses of clinical trial design, chemistry, manufacturing and control activities, and accelerated regulatory pathways are necessary for shortening the timelines for the product development of medical countermeasures. We intend to cover these topics in future publications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.