Chaotic emperor penguin optimised extreme learning machine for microarray cancer classification.

Microarray technology plays a significant role in cancer classification, where a large number of genes and samples are simultaneously analysed. For the efficient analysis of the microarray data, there is a great demand for the development of intelligent techniques. In this article, the authors propose a novel hybrid technique employing Fisher criterion, ReliefF, and extreme learning machine (ELM) based on the principle of chaotic emperor penguin optimisation algorithm (CEPO). EPO is a recently developed metaheuristic method. In the proposed method, initially, Fisher score and ReliefF are independently used as filters for relevant gene selection. Further, a novel population-based metaheuristic, namely, CEPO was proposed to pre-train the ELM by selecting the optimal input weights and hidden biases. The authors have successfully conducted experiments on seven well-known data sets. To evaluate the effectiveness, the proposed method is compared with original EPO, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimisation-based ELM along with other state-of-the-art techniques. The experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves better accuracy as compared to the state-of-the-art schemes. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and