Trial reportJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2020
Who Accepts and Who Uses Community-Based Secondary Distribution HIV Self-Testing (HIVST) Kits? Findings From the Intervention Arm of a Cluster-Randomized Trial of HIVST Distribution Nested in Four HPTN 071 (PopART) Communities in Zambia.
Trial report in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV Self-Testing Uptake and Intervention Strategies Among Men in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- HIVST in the presence of a partner among fishermen in Western Kenya: A qualitative study.African journal of AIDS research : AJAR · 2026Trial
- "There is no need to leave the beach to test": a qualitative study of HIV self-testing knowledge and acceptability of HIV self-test kit distribution among social networks of fishermen in Western Kenya.BMC public health · 2025Trial
- "Him Leaving Me - That is My Fear Now": A Mixed Methods Analysis of Relationship Dissolution Between Ugandan Pregnant and Postpartum Women Living with HIV and Their Male Partners.AIDS and behavior · 2023Trial
- Did you hear about HIV self-testing? HIV self-testing awareness after community-based HIVST distribution in rural Zimbabwe.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Results of the HCV self-testing implementation study through the secondary distribution of HCV self-tests among adult males in Georgia.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- Community-driven secondary distribution of COVID-19 rapid antigen home tests in high-vulnerability Chicago neighborhoods: a community case study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of caregiver-assisted HIV self-testing among children using an oral mucosal test in Uganda and Zambia: a prospective interventional study.The lancet. HIV · 2025Observational
- Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effects of a social network-based, peer-led HIV self-testing intervention among men in two Ugandan fishing communities, 2022.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Article
- Willingness to Receive HIV Self-Testing Kits from Recent Sexual Partners Among Men in Dar Es Salam, Tanzania: Findings from the STEP Project Baseline Survey.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Lessons learned from implementation of four HIV self-testing (HIVST) distribution models in Zambia: applying the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to understand impact of contextual factors on implementation.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Secondary distribution of HIV self-test kits by HIV index and antenatal care clients: implementation and costing results from the STAR Initiative in South Africa.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- "I take it and give it to my partners who will give it to their partners": Secondary distribution of HIV self-tests by key populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Review
- Article
- The study of feasibility and acceptability of using HIV self-tests in high-risk Iranian populations (FSWs, MSM, and TGs): a cross-sectional study.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
- Article
- The 4 Youth by Youth (4YBY) pragmatic trial to enhance HIV self-testing uptake and sustainability: Study protocol in Nigeria.Contemporary clinical trials · 2022Article
- Secondary Distribution of HIV Self-Testing Kits to Social and Sexual Networks of PLWH in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A Brief Report.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Peer-leaders' experiences and challenges in distributing HIV self-test kits in a rural fishing community, Rakai, Uganda.BMC public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHPTN 071 (PopART) was a community-randomized trial of a universal testing-and-treatment intervention on HIV incidence at population level in Zambia and South Africa. In Zambia, a trial of community-based distribution of HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits, including secondary distribution, as an option for HIV-testing was nested within 4 PopART intervention communities. We used data from the intervention arm of the nested trial to measure levels of and factors associated with acceptance and use of secondary distribution HIVST kits.
methodsCommunity HIV care providers offered the PopART combination HIV-prevention intervention door-to-door, systematically visiting all households and enumerating all household members. From 1 February to 30 April 2017, individuals aged 16 years and older consenting to PopART were offered the option to HIV self-test, if eligible for HIV-testing services. Individuals aged 18 years and older who reported a partner absent during household visits were offered an HIVST kit for secondary distribution to this partner. We used two data sources to measure acceptance and use of secondary distribution HIVST kits.
resultsAmong 9105 individuals aged 18 years and older consenting to PopART, 9.1% (n = 825) accepted an HIVST kit for secondary distribution. Approximately 55.8% reported that the kit had been used. Women were more likely to accept, and men more likely to use, secondary distribution HIVST kits. Kits were more likely to be used by individuals aged 30+ and who had not participated in a previous round of PopART. Approximately 6.8% had a reactive result.
conclusionsCommunity-based secondary distribution of HIVST kits reached men absent during community HIV care provider household visits and is a complement to facility- and community-based HIV-testing services, which often miss men.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.