ArticleScience (New York, N.Y.)2020
Evolving epidemiology of poliovirus serotype 2 following withdrawal of the serotype 2 oral poliovirus vaccine.
Article in Science (New York, N.Y.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review of Poliovirus Transmission and Economic Modeling to Support Global Polio Eradication: 2020-2024.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Pooled it
- Oral live attenuated polio vaccines induce enhanced T-cell responses with broad antigen recognition compared to inactivated polio vaccines.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2026Trial
- Safety of the novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) in infants and young children aged 1 to <5 years and lot-to-lot consistency of the immune response to nOPV2 in infants in The Gambia: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2024Trial
- Persistence of immunity following a single dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine: a phase 4, open label, non-randomised clinical trial.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- Immunogenicity of novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 administered concomitantly with bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine: an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Immunogenicity of Reduced-Dose Monovalent Type 2 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Mocuba, Mozambique.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Intradermal administration of fractional doses of the inactivated poliovirus vaccine in a campaign: a pragmatic, open-label, non-inferiority trial in The Gambia.The Lancet. Global health · 2022Trial
- One-Year Decline of Poliovirus Antibodies Following Fractional-Dose Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of two novel type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine candidates compared with a monovalent type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine in children and infants: two clinical trials.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Quantifying the benefits of improved operations for polio outbreak response: A model-based analysis.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Integration of poliovirus and enteropathogen sewage surveillance in Dhaka Bangladesh: a longitudinal surveillance study, June 2019-June 2020.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Article
- Estimating population immunity against serotype-two poliomyelitis from the inactivated polio vaccine in routine immunization across 112 countries: A modelling study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Higher stability of novel live-attenuated oral poliovirus type 2 (nOPV2) despite the emergence of a neurovirulent double recombinant strain in Uganda.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Co-Administration of Novel Oral Polio Vaccine Type 2 and Bivalent Oral Polio Vaccine: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Implications for the Polio Eradication Endgame.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Historical and current spatiotemporal patterns of wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus spread.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Impediments to Progress Toward Polio Eradication During 2014-2024: Effectively Addressing the Current Challenges.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Public health response to immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus during a poliovirus outbreak in the Philippines: a case report.IJID regions · 2025Article
- Safety of nOPV2 administered during a supplementary immunisation activity in Uganda, 2022: data triangulation from a prospective cohort event monitoring programme and vaccine safety surveillance reports.The Lancet. Global health · 2025Article
- Impact of novel Oral Poliovirus Type 2 vaccination campaigns: A seroprevalence survey in Nigeria, 2022.Vaccine · 2025Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Although there have been no cases of serotype 2 wild poliovirus for more than 20 years, transmission of serotype 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) and associated paralytic cases in several continents represent a threat to eradication. The withdrawal of the serotype 2 component of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV2) was implemented in April 2016 to stop VDPV2 emergence and secure eradication of all serotype 2 poliovirus. Globally, children born after this date have limited immunity to prevent transmission. Using a statistical model, we estimated the emergence date and source of VDPV2s detected between May 2016 and November 2019. Outbreak response campaigns with monovalent OPV2 are the only available method to induce immunity to prevent transmission. Yet our analysis shows that using monovalent OPV2 is generating more paralytic VDPV2 outbreaks with the potential for establishing endemic transmission. A novel OPV2, for which two candidates are currently in clinical trials, is urgently required, together with a contingency strategy if this vaccine does not materialize or perform as anticipated.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.