ArticleCells2020
Innate Cytokine Induced Early Release of IFNγ and CC Chemokines from Hypoxic Human NK Cells Is Independent of Glucose.
Article in Cells, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Triple-armed oncolytic HSV enhances antitumor immunity by remodeling the tumor microenvironment in subcutaneous murine CRC.iScience · 2026Article
- Hypoxic tumor microenvironment and immune cell dynamics: From metabolic reprogramming to therapeutic innovation.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Review
- Metabolic programs drive function of therapeutic NK cells in hypoxic tumor environments.Science advances · 2024Article
- Metabolic changes of Interleukin-12/15/18-stimulated human NK cells.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Activated Natural Killer Cells Withstand the Relatively Low Glucose Concentrations Found in the Bone Marrow of Multiple Myeloma Patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are among the first innate immune cells to arrive at sites of tissue inflammation and regulate the immune response to infection and tumors by the release of cytokines including interferon (IFN)γ. In vitro exposure to the innate cytokines interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-12/IL-18 enhances NK cell IFNγ production which, beyond 16 h of culture, was shown to depend on metabolic switching to glycolysis. NK effector responses are, however, rapid by comparison. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the importance of glycolysis for shorter-term IFNγ production, considering glucose deprivation and hypoxia as adverse tissue inflammation associated conditions. Treatments with IL-15 for 6 and 16 h were equally effective in priming early IFNγ production in human NK cells in response to secondary IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. Short-term priming was not associated with glycolytic switching but induced the release of IFNγ and, additionally, CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 from both normoxic and hypoxic NK cells in an equally efficient and, unexpectedly, glucose independent manner. We conclude that release of IFNγ and CC chemokines in the early innate immune response is a metabolically autonomous NK effector program.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.