ArticlePloS one2020
Prolonged inflammation leads to ongoing damage after spinal cord injury.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conditioned Medium Treatment for the Improvement of Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-Analysis Study.Current stem cell research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Intrathecal Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (SMART-MS).Neurology · 2026Trial
- Early CSF Biomarkers and Late Functional Outcomes in Spinal Cord Injury. A Pilot Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Trial
- Bioactive adipose-derived ECM hydrogel loaded with cytokine-releasing microspheres promotes spinal cord repair by suppressing inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2026Article
- Widespread AAV-mediated CSPG digestion impairs functional recovery after cervical spinal cord injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Hypoxia Upregulates RIPK1 via the HIF-1α-JAK-STAT Pathway Leading to Astrocyte Necroptosis to Promote Cavitation After Spinal Cord Injury.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Histone H3K9 lactylation activates the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway to drive macrophage inflammation after spinal cord injury.Redox biology · 2026Article
- Focal Estrogen Therapy in Male Rats Promotes Neuronal Survival and Reduces Denervation Atrophy After Spinal Cord Injury via Modulation of β-Catenin and NF-κB.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Exploring potential biomarkers of NETosis-Related genes in spinal cord injury through machine learning and multi-omics analysis.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Exosome-loaded hydrogel systems for spinal cord injury repair: mechanisms, advancements, and future directions.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Review
- Mechanisms and Applications of Conductive Biomaterials in Spinal Cord Injury Repair.Biomaterials research · 2026Review
- Exosomal miR-149 from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells attenuates spinal cord injury-induced blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by suppressing the ET-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Stem cell research & therapy · 2025Article
- The heme-binding protein hemopexin promotes functional recovery and tissue protection after spinal cord injury via sex-specific regulation of inflammation and ferroptosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
- The Effect of Cefazolin on the Gut Microbiome of Female Rats After Spinal Cord Injury.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Montelukast Improves Urinary Bladder Function After Complete Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Bioactive and degradable collagen-based hydrogel encapsulated with microspheres containing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and interleukin (IL)-10 promotes recovery following traumatic spinal cord injury in rats.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2025Article
- Mineral coated microparticles delivering Interleukin-4, Interleukin-10, and Interleukin-13 reduce inflammation and improve function after spinal cord injury in a rat.Experimental neurology · 2025Article
- Imaging Demyelinated Axons After Spinal Cord Injuries with PET Tracer [Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2025Article
- Evolution of Lipid Metabolism in the Injured Mouse Spinal Cord.Journal of neurotrauma · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood and treatment remains limited. Emerging evidence indicates that post-SCI inflammation is severe but the role of reactive astrogliosis not well understood given its implication in ongoing inflammation as damaging or neuroprotective. We have completed an extensive systematic study with MRI, histopathology, proteomics and ELISA analyses designed to further define the severe protracted and damaging inflammation after SCI in a rat model. We have identified 3 distinct phases of SCI: acute (first 2 days), inflammatory (starting day 3) and resolution (>3 months) in 16 weeks follow up. Actively phagocytizing, CD68+/CD163- macrophages infiltrate myelin-rich necrotic areas converting them into cavities of injury (COI) when deep in the spinal cord. Alternatively, superficial SCI areas are infiltrated by granulomatous tissue, or arachnoiditis where glial cells are obliterated. In the COI, CD68+/CD163- macrophage numbers reach a maximum in the first 4 weeks and then decline. Myelin phagocytosis is present at 16 weeks indicating ongoing inflammatory damage. The COI and arachnoiditis are defined by a wall of progressively hypertrophied astrocytes. MR imaging indicates persistent spinal cord edema that is linked to the severity of inflammation. Microhemorrhages in the spinal cord around the lesion are eliminated, presumably by reactive astrocytes within the first week post-injury. Acutely increased levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and proteases decrease and anti-inflammatory cytokines increase in later phases. In this study we elucidated a number of fundamental mechanisms in pathogenesis of SCI and have demonstrated a close association between progressive astrogliosis and reduction in the severity of inflammation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.