ArticleJournal of virology2020
Subtype Diversity of Influenza A Virus in North American Waterfowl: a Multidecade Study.
Article in Journal of virology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Rapid expansion of genotype D1.1 A(H5N1) influenza viruses in wild birds across North America during the 2024 migratory season.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Isolation and subtyping of avian influenza A virus from wild birds in Khartoum, Sudan.The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research · 2025Article
- Ecological drivers of evolution of swine influenza in the United States: a review.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- Development of a multiplex and universal RT-PCR assay for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtyping of avian influenza virus.Journal of veterinary science · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Evolutionary and Structural Analysis of the H5N1 Clade 2.4.3.4b Influenza a Virus Based on the Sequences and Data Mining of the Hemagglutinin, Nucleoprotein and Neuraminidase Genes Across Multiple Hosts.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Article
- Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Ducks and Introduction of Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Tennessee, USA.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Avian influenza virus circulation and immunity in a wild urban duck population prior to and during a highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus (IAV) in Blue-Winged Teal in the Mississippi Flyway Is Following the Historic Seasonal Pattern of Low-Pathogenicity IAV in Ducks.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- H19 influenza A virus exhibits species-specific MHC class II receptor usage.Cell host & microbe · 2024Article
- Infectivity of Wild-Bird Origin Influenza A Viruses in Minnesota Wetlands across Seasons.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Modeling transmission of avian influenza viruses at the human-animal-environment interface in Cuba.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Antigenic Architecture of the H7N2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Belonging to the North American Lineage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Ecological characterization of 175 low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in Mongolia, 2009-2013 and 2016-2018.Veterinary medicine and science · 2023Article
- Special Issue "Ecology of Influenza A Viruses": Editorial.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Blue-Winged Teals in Guatemala and Their Potential Role in the Ecology of H14 Subtype Influenza a Viruses.Viruses · 2023Article
- Strong host phylogenetic and ecological effects on host competency for avian influenza in Australian wild birds.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The discovery in 1976 of waterfowl as the primary reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) has since spurred decades of waterfowl surveillance efforts by researchers dedicated to understanding the ecology of IAV and its subsequent threat to human and animal health. Here, we employed a multidecade, continental-scale approach of surveillance data to understand trends of seasonal IAV subtype diversity. Between 1976 and 2015, IAVs were detected in 8,427 (10.8%) of 77,969 samples from migratory waterfowl throughout the Central and Mississippi Migratory Flyways in the United States and Canada. A total of 96 hemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) subtype combinations were isolated, which included most HA (H1 to H14) and all 9 NA subtypes. We observed an annual trend of high influenza prevalence, involving a few dominant subtypes, on northern breeding grounds during summer with progressively lowered influenza prevalence, comprised of a highly diverse profile of subtypes, as waterfowl migrate toward southern wintering grounds. Isolates recovered during winter had the highest proportion of mixed and rare HA/NA combinations, indicating increased opportunity for reassortment of IAVs. In addition, 70% of H5 and 49% of H7 IAV isolates were recovered from samples collected during fall and spring, respectively; these are subtypes that can have significant implications for public health and agriculture sectors. Annual cyclical dominance of subtypes on northern breeding grounds is revealed through the longitudinal nature of this study. Our novel findings exhibit the unrealized potential for discovery using existing IAV surveillance data.
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