ReviewPharmaceutics2020
Drug Delivery to the Posterior Segment of the Eye: Biopharmaceutic and Pharmacokinetic Considerations.
Review in Pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 173 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
173 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effect of cosmetic whitening ingredients' lipophilicity on melanocyte cytotoxicity: A systematic review.Journal of food and drug analysis · 2026Pooled it
- Safety, Tolerability and PK Characteristics of RM301B Eye Drops: A Single-Centre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose-Escalation, Placebo-Controlled Phase I Clinical Trial.Advances in therapy · 2026Trial
- Supramolecular Nrf2-activating peptide nanotherapeutics enable deep retinal penetration and RPE targeting for dry age-related macular degeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Phase I Randomized Study of SCAI-005 Ophthalmic Solution: Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Korean Adults.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Advanced Ophthalmic Drug Delivery in Homocystinuria Type CblC: A Translational Review of Ophthalmic Pathologies and Therapeutic Opportunities.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- From Fragment Hit to Clinical Candidate: Discovery of Dual H1R/H4R Ligands with Superior Efficacy in Allergic Conjunctivitis.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
- Liposomal Drug Delivery in Ocular Therapy: Strategies for Enhancing Corneal Penetration and Bioavailability.Cells · 2026Review
- Curcumin Nanoemulsion: Characterization and Effect on Cataracts in an In Vivo Animal Model and Ex Vivo Human Model.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Critical Review of Retinal Neurovascular Mechanisms and Systemic-to-Ocular Pharmacokinetic Barriers.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Pharmacological principles of intravitreal drug therapy and their implications for clinical practice: a primer for the ophthalmologist.Eye (London, England) · 2026Review
- Neuroprotection in Early Diabetic Retinal Disease Using Eyedrop Delivery.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- 3D printed system usingInternational journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Smart In Situ-Forming Ocular Therapeutics for Dry Eye Disease: Bridging Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, and Clinical Translation.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2026Review
- Engineering Strategies of Colloidal Drug Delivery Systems, a Rising Star in Ocular Neovascular Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Core-shell nanotherapeutics for diabetic cataract and retinopathy: current state-of-the-art and translational challenges.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Review
- Design and characterization of intravitreal bevacizumab-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: pharmacokinetic and biodistribution impact.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Mobile Laminar Airflow for Intravitreal Injections: Reducing Microbial Load at the Instrument Field.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- NeuProIO: A dual-Action Solid Drug Nanoparticle Topical Formulation for Simultaneous Intraocular Pressure Reduction and Neuroprotection for Glaucoma.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2026Article
- Mucoadhesive and corneal permeable nano eye drops for improved anti-glaucoma therapy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Nanotherapeutic potential in glaucoma associated ocular cancers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
113 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The treatment of the posterior-segment ocular diseases, such as age-related eye diseases (AMD) or diabetic retinopathy (DR), present a challenge for ophthalmologists due to the complex anatomy and physiology of the eye. This specialized organ is composed of various static and dynamic barriers that restrict drug delivery into the target site of action. Despite numerous efforts, effective intraocular drug delivery remains unresolved and, therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the current treatments of diseases affecting the posterior cavity. This review article gives an overview of pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutics aspects for the most commonly-used ocular administration routes (intravitreal, topical, systemic, and periocular), including information of the absorption, distribution, and elimination, as well as the benefits and limitations of each one. This article also encompasses different conventional and novel drug delivery systems designed and developed to improve drug pharmacokinetics intended for the posterior ocular segment treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.