ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2020
Changes in historical typhoid transmission across 16 U.S. cities, 1889-1931: Quantifying the impact of investments in water and sewer infrastructures.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction on typhoid fever in Nepal.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of Climate and Hydrological Variability on Drinking Water Production and Trihalomethane Levels: A Case Study in Barcelona, Spain (2010-2024).ACS ES&T water · 2025Article
- IAPSM's Position Paper on Typhoid Vaccines for Adult Immunization in India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2024Article
- The global burden of enteric fever, 2017-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Review
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Typhoid Fever: A Reduction and a Resurgence.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Dynamic Incidence of Typhoid Fever over a 10-Year Period (2010-2019) in Kibera, an Urban Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Using Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines to Prevent Disease, Promote Health Equity, and Counter Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- New perspectives on the contribution of sanitary investments to mortality decline in English cities, 1845-1909.The Economic history review · 2023Article
- City Health Departments, Public Health Expenditures, and Urban Mortality over 1910-1940.Economic inquiry · 2022Article
- Typhoid Conjugate Vaccines: Advancing the Research and Public Health Agendas.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Correction: Changes in historical typhoid transmission across 16 U.S. cities, 1889-1931: Quantifying the impact of investments in water and sewer infrastructures.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Early Insights From Clinical Trials of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Water and Filth: Reevaluating the First Era of Sanitary Typhoid Intervention (1840-1940).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Investments in water and sanitation systems are believed to have led to the decline in typhoid fever in developed countries, such that most cases now occur in regions lacking adequate clean water and sanitation. Exploring seasonal and long-term patterns in historical typhoid mortality in the United States can offer deeper understanding of disease drivers. We fit modified Time-series Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered models to city-level weekly mortality counts to estimate seasonal and long-term typhoid transmission. We examined seasonal transmission separately by city and aggregated by water source. Typhoid transmission peaked in late summer/early fall. Seasonality varied by water source, with the greatest variation occurring in cities with reservoirs. We then fit hierarchical regression models to measure associations between long-term transmission and annual financial investments in water and sewer systems. Overall historical $1 per capita ($16.13 in 2017) investments in the water supply were associated with approximately 5% (95% confidence interval: 3-6%) decreases in typhoid transmission, while $1 increases in the overall sewer system investments were associated with estimated 6% (95% confidence interval: 4-9%) decreases. Our findings aid in the understanding of typhoid transmission dynamics and potential impacts of water and sanitation improvements, and can inform cost-effectiveness analyses of interventions to reduce the typhoid burden.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.