Observational studyDrug design, development and therapy2020
Perindopril in Breast Milk and Determination of Breastfed Infant Exposure: A Prospective Observational Study.
Observational study in Drug design, development and therapy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety of Drugs in Breastfeeding Women With CKD.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- Very low enalapril and enalaprilat exposureFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- What Do We Know about Peripartum Cardiomyopathy? Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Drugs in Human Milk Part 1: Practical and Analytical Considerations in Measuring Drugs and Metabolites in Human Milk.Clinical pharmacokinetics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to quantify the amount of perindopril and its active metabolite perindoprilat present in breast milk and corresponding maternal and infant plasma concentrations.
designProspective, longitudinal, observational.
settingTertiary specialist paediatric and obstetric hospital in Adelaide, South Australia. POPULATION: Breastfeeding women actively treated with perindopril for hypertensive disorders postpartum.
methodsEight breast milk samples and a single plasma sample were collected from each participant over a 24 hrs period, and plasma samples were taken from eligible breastfed infants. Breast milk and plasma concentrations of perindopril and perindoprilat were analysed using a validated Liquid Chromatography tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.
main outcome measuresMean breast milk concentrations of perindopril and perindoprilat, Relative Infant Dose (RID) <10%, and Theoretical Infant Dose (TID).
resultsTen women and three infants participated in the study. The mean concentration of perindopril in breast milk for each participant ranged from 0.003 to 1.2 ng/mL and perindoprilat 0.2-36 ng/mL. RID for perindopril was 0.0005-0.2% and perindoprilat 0.03-4.6%. TID for perindopril was 0.00045-0.18 µg/kg/day and perindoprilat 0.032-5.4 µg/kg/day. Infant plasma levels for perindopril ranged from 0.44 to 1.12 ng/mL and perindoprilat undetectable - 10.14 ng/mL. Maternal reports described normal infant growth and development.
conclusionInfant exposure to perindopril and perindoprilat through breast milk is low. However, some infants were found to have plasma perindoprilat concentrations consistent with pharmacodynamic effects. Perindopril may be used in mothers of healthy term infants, provided the infant is carefully monitored.
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