ArticlePharmaceutics2020
Characteristic of K3 (CpG-ODN) as a Transcutaneous Vaccine Formulation Adjuvant.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36/CpG malaria vaccine in healthy Burkinabe adults and children: a phase 1b randomised, controlled, double-blinded, age de-escalation trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Microneedles in Allergy Immunotherapy: the Present and Future.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Microneedle delivery systems for vaccines and immunotherapy.Smart molecules : open access · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing adjuvant development: harnessing AI for next-generation cancer vaccines.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Exploiting Unique Features of Microneedles to Modulate Immunity.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2023Review
- Process development for an effective COVID-19 vaccine candidate harboring recombinant SARS-CoV-2 delta plus receptor binding domain produced by Pichia pastoris.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Transcutaneous Administration of Imiquimod Promotes T and B Cell Differentiation into Effector Cells or Plasma Cells.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Article
- Translation of Polymeric Microneedles for Treatment of Human Diseases: Recent Trends, Progress, and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is easy to use, minimally invasive, and has excellent efficacy in vaccines against infections. We focused on toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as applicable adjuvants for transcutaneous formulations and characterized immune responses. TCI was performed using poke-and-patch methods, in which puncture holes are formed with a polyglycolic acid microneedle on the back skin of mice. Various TLR ligands were applied to the puncture holes and covered with an ovalbumin-loaded hydrophilic gel patch. During the screening process, K3 (CpG-oligonucleotide) successfully produced more antigen-specific antibodies than other TLR ligands and induced T helper (Th) 1-type polarization. Transcutaneously administered K3 was detected in draining lymph nodes and was found to promote B cell activation and differentiation, suggesting a direct transcutaneous adjuvant activity on B cells. Furthermore, a human safety test of K3-loaded self-dissolving microneedles (sdMN) was performed. Although a local skin reaction was observed at the sdMN application site, there was no systemic side reaction. In summary, we report a K3-induced Th1-type immune response that is a promising adjuvant for transcutaneous vaccine formulations using MN and show that K3-loaded sdMN can be safely applied to human skin.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.