ArticlePloS one2020
HIV-Prevalence in South Africa by settlement type: A repeat population-based cross-sectional analysis of men and women.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of HIV in slums area: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of Stepping Stones and Creating Futures Plus to reduce emotional dysregulation among young men in rural areas and urban informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2025Trial
- Cluster randomized controlled trial of Stepping Stones and Creating Futures to reduce mental health challenges among young men in informal settlements in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Assessing Discordance Between Self-Perceived HIV Risk and Laboratory-Confirmed HIV Status in South Africa: Insights from the 2022 National Population-Based Survey.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Rural health inequalities in perceived HIV vulnerability and nutritional status: a cross-comparison of rural communities in West and Southern Africa.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The relationship between emotional dysregulation and, HIV acquisition risk behaviours and intimate partner violence perpetration among young men in rural areas and urban informal settlements in South Africa.Psychology, health & medicine · 2026Article
- Assessing the Effectiveness of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Point-of-Care Proficiency Testing Scheme: Analysis of the Data From 2021 to 2022 in South Africa.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Exploratory Cohort Study of Depressive Symptoms in South Africans with HIV-1 Subtype C: Associations with Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites and Inflammatory Markers.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Identifying sexual behavioural choices when commencing pre-exposure prophylaxis: Findings from a public health facility in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Emotion regulation strategies among young men in rural areas and urban informal settlements in South Africa: a qualitative exploratory study.Vulnerable children and youth studies · 2025Article
- Alcohol Consumption and Health Outcomes Among Men in a Rural HIV-Endemic Cohort in South Africa.Wellcome open research · 2025Article
- Stepping Stones and Creating Futures Plus: A pilot randomised controlled trial of a co-developed intervention with young South Africans.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Zethembe: a co-developed couples intervention for young heterosexual couples in informal settlements in South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Socio-Behavioural Barriers to Viral Suppression in the Older Adult Population in Rural South Africa.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Spatial distribution and determinants of HIV high burden in the Southern African sub-region.PloS one · 2024Article
- "Something we can all share": Exploring the social significance of food insecurity for young people in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Determinants of psychological distress among individuals who are aware of their HIV serostatus in South Africa: findings from the 2017 national HIV prevalence, incidence, behavior, and communication survey.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- A continuum of individual-level factors that influence modern contraceptive uptake and use: perspectives from community members and healthcare providers in Durban, South Africa.Contraception and reproductive medicine · 2023Article
- HIV Related Behaviors Among Male Partners of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Rural South Africa.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To assess i) whether there is an independent association between HIV-prevalence and settlement types (urban formal, urban informal, rural formal, rural informal), and, ii) whether this changes over time, in South Africa. We draw on four (2002; 2005; 2008; 2012) cross-sectional South African household surveys. Data is analysed by sex (male/female), and for women by age categories (15-49; and 15-24; 25-49) at all-time points, for men in 2012 data is analysed by age categories (15-24; 25-49). By settlement type and sex/age combinations, we descriptively assess the association between socio-demographic and HIV-risk factors; HIV-prevalence; and trends in HIV-prevalence by time. Relative risk ratios assess unadjusted and adjusted risk for HIV-prevalence by settlement type. All estimates are weighted, and account for survey design. In all survey years, and combinations of sex/age categorisations, HIV-prevalence is highest in urban informal settlements. For men (15-49) an increasing HIV-prevalence over time in rural informal settlements was seen (p = 0.001). For women (15-49) HIV-prevalence increases over time for urban informal, rural informal, rural formal, and women (15-24) decreases in urban formal and urban informal, and women (25-49) increases urban informal and rural informal settlements. In analyses adjusting for potential socio-demographic and risk factors, compared to urban formal settlements, urban informal settlements had consistently higher relative risk of HIV for women, in all age categorisations, for instance in 2012 this was RR1.89 (1.50, 2.40) for all women (15-49), for 15-24 (RR1.79, 1.17-2.73), and women 25-49 (RR1.91, 1.47-2.48). For men, in the overall age categorization, urban informal settlements had a higher relative risk for HIV in all years. In 2012, when this was disaggregated by age, for men 15-24 rural informal (IRR2.69, 1.28-5.67), and rural formal (RR3.59, 1.49-8.64), and for men 25-49 it was urban informal settlements with the highest (RR1.68, 1.11-2.54). In 2012, rural informal settlements also had higher adjusted relative risk for HIV-prevalence for men (15-49) and women (15-49; 15-24; 25-49). In South Africa, HIV-prevalence is patterned geographically, with urban informal settlements having a particularly high burden. Geographical targeting of responses is critical for the HIV-response.
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