ArticlePLoS genetics2020
The alarmones (p)ppGpp are part of the heat shock response of Bacillus subtilis.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- The alarmone pGpp inhibits translation through GTP depletion.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Pushing the limits of single-cell proteomics to investigate bacterial heterogeneity using bacSCP.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Stress-induced ribosome degradation in Bacillus subtilis is mediated by the RNase Y-specificity complex.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Starvation-independent alarmone production inhibits translation through GTP depletion.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Unraveling the start element and regulatory divergence of core promoters across the domain bacteria.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- The stringent response does not influence ribosome pausing in Bacillus subtilis.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Characterization of a Novel RNA Polymerase Mutant of Escherichia coli That Confers Thermotolerance and Chaperone Independence.Molecular microbiology · 2025Article
- Disrupting NtrC function reveals unexpected robustness in a central cell cycle regulatory network.mBio · 2025Article
- Altered gene expression of cold shock proteins under antibiotic exposure.The Journal of antibiotics · 2025Article
- Enhancement of environmental microplastics (MPs) degradation via bacteria under stress conditions: key enzymes, pathways, and mechanisms.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Analysis of (p)ppGpp metabolism and signaling using a dynamic luminescent reporter.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Characterization of heat, salt, acid, alkaline, and antibiotic stress response in soil isolate Bacillus subtilis strain PSK.A2.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2025Article
- From dusty shelves toward the spotlight: growing evidence for Ap4A as an alarmone in maintaining RNA stability and proteostasis.Current opinion in microbiology · 2024Review
- iModulonMiner and PyModulon: Software for unsupervised mining of gene expression compendia.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- RelQ-mediated alarmone signalling regulates growth, stress-induced biofilm formation and spore accumulation inMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- RelQ-mediated alarmone signaling regulates growth, sporulation, and stress-induced biofilm formation inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Crosstalk between (p)ppGpp and other nucleotide second messengers.Current opinion in microbiology · 2023Review
- Tale of Twin Bifunctional Second Messenger (p)ppGpp Synthetases and Their Function in Mycobacteria.ACS omega · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis cells are well suited to study how bacteria sense and adapt to proteotoxic stress such as heat, since temperature fluctuations are a major challenge to soil-dwelling bacteria. Here, we show that the alarmones (p)ppGpp, well known second messengers of nutrient starvation, are also involved in the heat stress response as well as the development of thermo-resistance. Upon heat-shock, intracellular levels of (p)ppGpp rise in a rapid but transient manner. The heat-induced (p)ppGpp is primarily produced by the ribosome-associated alarmone synthetase Rel, while the small alarmone synthetases RelP and RelQ seem not to be involved. Furthermore, our study shows that the generated (p)ppGpp pulse primarily acts at the level of translation, and only specific genes are regulated at the transcriptional level. These include the down-regulation of some translation-related genes and the up-regulation of hpf, encoding the ribosome-protecting hibernation-promoting factor. In addition, the alarmones appear to interact with the activity of the stress transcription factor Spx during heat stress. Taken together, our study suggests that (p)ppGpp modulates the translational capacity at elevated temperatures and thereby allows B. subtilis cells to respond to proteotoxic stress, not only by raising the cellular repair capacity, but also by decreasing translation to concurrently reduce the protein load on the cellular protein quality control system.
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