ArticleRisk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis2020
Application of a Risk Analysis Tool to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Epidemiological indicators of accidental laboratory-origin outbreaks.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Review
- Mathematical models and analysis tools for risk assessment of unnatural epidemics: a scoping review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Preventing the next pandemic: Use of artificial intelligence for epidemic monitoring and alerts.Cell reports. Medicine · 2022Article
- The COVID-19 pandemic: Virus transmission and risk assessment.Current opinion in environmental science & health · 2022Review
- The epidemiological characteristics of deaths with COVID-19 in the early stage of epidemic in Wuhan, China.Global health research and policy · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Grunow-Finke assessment tool (GFT) is an accepted scoring system for determining likelihood of an outbreak being unnatural in origin. Considering its high specificity but low sensitivity, a modified Grunow-Finke tool (mGFT) has been developed with improved sensitivity. The mGFT has been validated against some past disease outbreaks, but it has not been applied to ongoing outbreaks. This study is aimed to score the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia using both the original GFT and mGFT. The publicly available data on human cases of MERS-CoV infections reported in Saudi Arabia (2012-2018) were sourced from the FluTrackers, World Health Organization, Saudi Ministry of Health, and published literature associated with MERS outbreaks investigations. The risk assessment of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia was analyzed using the original GFT and mGFT criteria, algorithms, and thresholds. The scoring points for each criterion were determined by three researchers to minimize the subjectivity. The results showed 40 points of total possible 54 points using the original GFT (likelihood: 74%), and 40 points of a total possible 60 points (likelihood: 67%) using the mGFT, both tools indicating a high likelihood that human MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia is unnatural in origin. The findings simply flag unusual patterns in this outbreak, but do not prove unnatural etiology. Proof of bioattacks can only be obtained by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. This study demonstrated the value and flexibility of the mGFT in assessing and predicting the risk for an ongoing outbreak with simple criteria.
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