ReviewEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2020
Autoimmune encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of schizophreniform psychosis: clinical symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic considerations.
Review in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy of efgartigimod in the treatment of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroglial biomarkers in autoimmune encephalitis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiological insights.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Possible temporal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Autoantibodies in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Frozen emotions, frozen bodies: a systematic review of limbic system alterations in catatonia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Probable Autoimmune Encephalitis Presenting With Catatonia in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.International journal of psychiatry in medicine · 2026Review
- Visual Hallucinations and Cognitive Impairment as the Initial Presentation of Severe Hypothyroidism in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Comorbidity Between Anti-GAD65 Autoimmune Encephalitis and Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Anti-NMDAR encephalitis in a patient with possible IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis: a case report.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Article
- Functional Brain Activity Associated With Intermittent Rhythmic Delta/Theta Activity: A Transdiagnostic Electroencephalography-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Resting-State Study.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Alterations in functional connectivity analyzed using MREG in patients with suspected autoimmune psychosis spectrum syndromes.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- A Case Series of Young People Receiving Adjunctive Immunotherapy for Neuroimmune-Mediated Major Mood or Psychotic Syndromes.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- MR spectroscopic imaging and its association with EEG, CSF, and psychometric/neuropsychological findings in patients with suspected autoimmune psychosis spectrum syndromes.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2025Article
- Frequency of autoimmune-associated exogenous psychoses in routine clinical care.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Efgartigimod as a Fast-Acting Add-On Therapy in Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalitis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Steroid-responsive autoimmune psychosis with cerebrospinal fluid-restricted oligoclonal bands and positive tissue-based assay findings: a case series of three patients.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Three cases with chronic obsessive compulsive disorder report gains in wellbeing and function following rituximab treatment.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
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13 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Primary schizophreniform psychoses are thought to be caused by complex gene-environment interactions. Secondary forms are based on a clearly identifiable organic cause, in terms of either an etiological or a relevant pathogenetic factor. The secondary or "symptomatic" forms of psychosis have reentered the focus stimulated by the discovery of autoantibody (Ab)-associated autoimmune encephalitides (AEs), such as anti-NMDA-R encephalitis, which can at least initially mimic variants of primary psychosis. These newly described secondary, immune-mediated schizophreniform psychoses typically present with the acute onset of polymorphic psychotic symptoms. Over the course of the disease, other neurological phenomena, such as epileptic seizures, movement disorders, or reduced levels of consciousness, usually arise. Typical clinical signs for AEs are the acute onset of paranoid hallucinatory symptoms, atypical polymorphic presentation, psychotic episodes in the context of previous AE, and additional neurological and medical symptoms such as catatonia, seizure, dyskinesia, and autonomic instability. Predominant psychotic courses of AEs have also been described casuistically. The term autoimmune psychosis (AP) was recently suggested for these patients. Paraclinical alterations that can be observed in patients with AE/AP are inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathologies, focal or generalized electroencephalographic slowing or epileptic activity, and/or suspicious "encephalitic" imaging findings. The antibody analyses in these patients include the testing of the most frequently found Abs against cell surface antigens (NMDA-R, CASPR2, LGI1, AMPA-R, GABA
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