ReviewAnnals of general psychiatry2020
Prevalence and risk factors for khat use among youth students in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis, 2018.
Review in Annals of general psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Magnitude and risk factors of khat, alcohol and cigarettes use among pregnant women in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Pooled it
- Substance use among young people in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review on risk factors for khat chewing among adolescents in the African continent and Arabian Peninsula.PloS one · 2022Pooled it
- Prevalence of problematic khat use and its associated factors among high school students in Legambo woreda, Ethiopia.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- Studying the context of psychoses to improve outcomes in Ethiopia (SCOPE): Protocol paper.PloS one · 2024Article
- Exploring the perception of key stakeholders toward khat policy approaches in Ethiopia: a qualitative study.Harm reduction journal · 2023Article
- Is chewing khat associated with mental health disorders? A scoping review of the content and quality of the current evidence base.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Magnitude and associated factors of chewing khat during pregnancy in Eastern Ethiopia, 2022: a mixed method cross-sectional study.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
- Khat chewing and its associated factors among pregnant women in Chiro district, eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Risks of khat chewing on the cardiovascular, nervous, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems: A narrative review.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Review
- Knowledge and practice regarding the behavioural risks of cancer among college students in Ethiopia.Ecancermedicalscience · 2022Article
- Poor Sleep in Community-Dwelling Polysubstance Users: Association With Khat Dependence, Metacognition, and Socio-Demographic Factors.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundKhat use is a widely spreading public health problem affecting the most economically productive population areas in Ethiopia. Khat use among students has been linked with mental, physical, social, and psychological problems. Reliable prevalence has not been recognized because of varying published rates. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to synthesize evidence on the prevalence and potential risk factors of khat use in Ethiopia.
methodsWe found 284 studies of which 266 were removed due to duplication, irrelevant topics, and other reasons, respectively. All studies conducted in Ethiopia on khat chewing among students irrespective of time frame were included. Subsequently, 18 studies were used for synthesis of prevalence. Figures were extracted from published reports, and any lost information was requested from investigators. The quality of the included literature was evaluated by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Prevalence was pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. The presence of association was declared using P-values and an odds ratio with a corresponding 95% CI.
resultsThe pooled prevalence of khat use among students was 16.7% (13.7-19.7%). In the subgroup analysis, the highest prevalence was observed in the Oromia region, at 21.1% (15.5%, 26.7%), and an almost equal prevalence of 14.8% (10.6, 18.9) and 14.3% (10.3, 18.3) was observed in Amhara and the Southern Nation, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia, respectively. Being male (OR: 2.43 (1.73, 3.13)), being a Muslim religion follower (OR: 2.22 (1.6, 2.8)), being an alcohol user (OR: 2.3 (1.5, 3.0)), khat use by a family member (OR: 1.8 (1.4, 2.2)), peer pressure (OR: 4.4 (3.1, 5.6)), and being a cigarette smoker (OR: 8.5 (5.3, 11.7)) were found to be risk factors for khat chewing.
conclusionsKhat use is a common problem among students. Health promotion, awareness on effect of khat, set policy on khat and substance use on the male sex, Muslim religion, alcohol user, having a family-member khat user, peer pressure, and being a cigarette smoker as possible risk factors for khat use among students. LIMITATIONS: Irrespective of time restriction, all studies conducted in Ethiopia are included and cross-sectional in nature. Protocol no. CRD-42017081886.
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