ArticleDevelopmental and comparative immunology2020
Proof of long-term immunological memory in cartilaginous fishes.
Article in Developmental and comparative immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extrafollicular and Other Non-Germinal Center B Cell Responses: An Evolutionary Perspective.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Chimeric Immunoglobulin and human Immunoglobulin M structures provide insights on joining-chain independent assembly and function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- The unexpected role of nurse shark pancreas as a secondary lymphoid organ.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- The Janus (dual) model of immunoglobulin isotype evolution: Conservation and plasticity are the defining paradigms.Immunological reviews · 2024Review
- Immunological memory in a teleost fish: common carp IgMFrontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Organized B cell sites in cartilaginous fishes reveal the evolutionary foundation of germinal centers.Cell reports · 2023Article
- 450 million years in the making: mapping the evolutionary foundations of germinal centers.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The immunoglobulins of cartilaginous fishes.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2021Review
- Putative Immunological Functions of Inducible Skin-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Context of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immunological memory provides long-term protection against pathogen re-infection and is the foundation for successful vaccination. We have previously shown an antigen-specific recall response in nurse sharks almost one year after primary exposure. Herein, we extend the time between prime and successful recall to >8 years, the longest period for which immunological memory has been shown in any non-mammalian vertebrate. We confirm that antigen binding is mediated by monomeric IgM and IgNAR, but not pentameric IgM, in both the primary and recall phases. Our inability to find target-binding clones in recombinant VNAR expression libraries suggests that, at least in this instance, antigen-specific memory cells comprise a small fraction of the IgNAR-positive B cells in epigonal and spleen. Further, that the few memory cells present can generate a robust antigen-specific IgNAR titer following re-stimulation. Our results continue to challenge the long-held, but erroneous, belief that the shark adaptive immune system is 'primitive' when compared to that of mammals.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.