ReviewCritical reviews in toxicology2020
Smoking, air pollution, and lung cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study cohort: time-dependent confounding and effect modification.
Review in Critical reviews in toxicology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of Potential Occupational Respiratory Hazards Exposure Among Sewage Workers.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Looking through the particles: a narrative review of air pollution and lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Review
- From autoimmune inflammation to malignancy: causal genetic evidence for the RA-squamous cell lung cancer axis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Article
- Cigarette smoke extract promotes metastasis and oxaliplatin resistance in colon adenocarcinoma through GDF15/ERBB2/AKT pathway.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies for Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Lung and Cardiovascular Damage: Marketed Drugs, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Biological Agents.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
- Update in Association between Lung Cancer and Air Pollution.Tuberculosis and respiratory diseases · 2025Article
- Narrative review: respiratory tract microbiome and never smoking lung cancer.Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Review
- Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Air Pollution and Neighborhood Disadvantage on Self-Rated Health among Adults in the United States: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Observational
- Lung cancer risk and exposure to air pollution: a multicenter North China case-control study involving 14604 subjects.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Reduction of environmental chemicals, toxicity and particulate matter in wet scrubber device to achieve zero emissions.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Narrative review: association between lung cancer development and ambient particulate matter in never-smokers.Journal of thoracic disease · 2022Review
- Effect of Refined Perioperative Nursing on the Efficacy of Noninvasive Ventilation in Elderly Patients with Lung Cancer and Respiratory Failure.Journal of oncology · 2022Article
- Exposure-lag response of smoking prevalence on lung cancer incidence using a distributed lag non-linear model.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The proportional hazards (PH) model is commonly used in epidemiology despite the stringent assumption of proportionality of hazards over time. We previously showed, using detailed simulation data, that the impact of a modest risk factor cannot be estimated reliably using the PH model in the presence of confounding by a strong, time-dependent risk factor. Here, we examine the same and related issues using a real dataset. Among 97,303 women in the prospective Nurses' Health Study cohort from 1994 through 2010, we used PH regression to investigate how effect estimates for cigarette smoking are affected by increasingly detailed specification of time-dependent exposure characteristics. We also examined how effect estimates for fine particulate matter (PM
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.