Mapping of the chicken cleft primary palate mutation on chromosome 11 and sequencing of the 4.9 Mb linked region.

An embryonic lethal mutation in chicken named cleft primary palate (cpp) is inherited in an autosomal recessive mode and results in a severely truncated upper beak. In this study, genotyping and sequencing techniques were employed to advance our genetic and genomic knowledge of the mutation's chromosomal location, candidate region and possible causative element using a congenic inbred line. Herein, the candidate region for the cpp developmental mutation was established as a ca. 5.1 Mb region of chicken chromosome 11 (GGA 11) through the use of a 600K Affymetrix SNP array. The SNPs identified from this array linked to cpp were used to genotype individuals from the congenic inbred line over several generations and thereby fine-map the causative region resulting in an approximately 200 kb size reduction. This candidate region (4.9 Mb) was sequenced via capture array in a cohort of 24 individuals, including carriers, mutants and their wild type (wt) siblings. Interestingly, the GGA 11 region for cpp encompasses the predicted centromere location and is thus unlikely to be highly disrupted by further recombination. Here we report on the variation unique to the cpp mutation, i.e. single-nucleotide variants and insertions or deletions. Although the candidate region contains several genes of interest with regard to the cpp phenotype, only one cpp-linked variant was predicted to have a significant physiological effect by causing a frameshift mutation in ESRP2, which has a role in tissue-specific splicing during development.