ReviewVirus evolution2019
Emergence of norovirus strains: A tale of two genes.
Review in Virus evolution, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 160 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rotavirus vaccines in Africa and Norovirus genetic diversity in children aged 0 to 5 years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis : Rotavirus vaccines in Africa and Norovirus genetic diversity.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Virology journal · 2022Pooled it
- Emergence of a novel GII.17 variant is associated with immune evasion rather than an altered HBGA-binding profile.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Case-Fatality Risk of Norovirus, England, 2022-2025.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Balancing under constraint: Structural insights into norovirus evolution and antigenic innovation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Understanding patterns of variant emergence and spread in an ongoing epidemic.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Variable and conserved B cell epitopes of GII.4 human noroviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Molecular evolution and diversity of the norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity induced by mRNA vaccines expressing norovirus VP1 proteins in mice and NHPs.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Norovirus infection in pediatric acute gastroenteritis: epidemiology and clinical features in Ezhou, China, 2023-2025.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genogroups among pediatric patients in Beijing, China, during 2023-2024.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Molecular Characterization and Epidemiology of Human Noroviruses in the Sverdlovsk Region, Russian Federation.Viruses · 2025Article
- Determining the Importance of Carbohydrate-Based Structures in Murine Norovirus Binding to Commensal Bacteria.Viruses · 2025Article
- Draft genomes of norovirus from stool samples of under-five children presenting with gastroenteritis in Malawi from 2012 to 2024.Microbiology resource announcements · 2025Article
- Highly variable antigenic site located at the apex of GII.4 norovirus capsid protein induces cross-reactive blocking antibodies in a variant-specific manner.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- The saga to monitor and control norovirus: the rise of GII.17.The Journal of general virology · 2025Review
- A Decade of Chronic Norovirus Infection Surveillance at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center: Clinical Characteristics, Molecular Epidemiology, and Replication.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Genomic characterization of noroviruses from an outbreak associated with oysters.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Article
- Detection of IgG antibody against the porcine norovirus GII.11 in human, domestic and wild animals.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Noroviruses are a very diverse group of viruses that infect different mammalian species. In humans, norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Multiple norovirus infections can occur in a lifetime as the result of limited duration of acquired immunity and cross-protection among different strains. A combination of advances in sequencing methods and improvements on surveillance has provided new insights into norovirus diversification and emergence. The generation of diverse norovirus strains has been associated with (1) point mutations on two different genes: ORF1, encoding the non-structural proteins, and ORF2, encoding the major capsid protein (VP1); and (2) recombination events that create chimeric viruses. While both mechanisms are exploited by all norovirus strains, individual genotypes utilize each mechanism differently to emerge and persist in the human population. GII.4 noroviruses (the most prevalent genotype in humans) present an accumulation of amino acid mutations on VP1 resulting in the chronological emergence of new variants. In contrast, non-GII.4 noroviruses present co-circulation of different variants over long periods with limited changes on their VP1. Notably, genetic diversity of non-GII.4 noroviruses is mostly related to the high number of recombinant strains detected in humans. While it is difficult to determine the precise mechanism of emergence of epidemic noroviruses, observations point to multiple factors that include host-virus interactions and changes on two regions of the genome (ORF1 and ORF2). Larger datasets of viral genomes are needed to facilitate comparison of epidemic strains and those circulating at low levels in the population. This will provide a better understanding of the mechanism of norovirus emergence and persistence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.