ReviewClinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)2020
Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review.
Review in Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- A randomized controlled single-blinded study comparing a 30-gauge needle to a 34-gauge needle for intravitreal injections.International ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Safety and efficacy of various topical anesthesia for intravitreal injection: a randomized controlled trial.International ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Long term evaluation of the safety and efficacy of local cooling anesthesia during intravitreal injections: The COOL-2 Trial.PloS one · 2026Trial
- Cooling Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injection: Results of the Prospective Open-Label, Dose-Ranging COOL-1 Trial.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Trial
- Anticipated and Actual Pain Intensity in Patients Receiving Intravitreal Injections: A Cross Sectional Study.Nursing open · 2026Article
- Quadrant-Specific Pain in Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- The safety and effectiveness of anesthetic drops for intravitreal drug administration: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Perception of pain during intravitreal injections: a clinical trial on the effect of entry site distance from the limbus on perceived pain.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Povidone-Iodine and Systemic Contact Dermatitis to Chloramphenicol, Used During Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab, an Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.Contact dermatitis · 2025Article
- The relationship between pain intensity and anxiety, injection speed, and intraocular pressure changes during intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection: the observational pilot study.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Comparison of different topical anesthetic methods for intravitreal injections: a randomized crossover study.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- Pain perception during intravitreal injections is related to the timing of instilling anesthetic eyedrops.International ophthalmology · 2024Observational
- Comparing the in vitro efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the prevention of post-surgical endophthalmitis.Journal of ophthalmic inflammation and infection · 2024Article
- Two Randomized, Double-masked, Placebo-controlled Studies of the Local Anesthetic Effect of Articaine Ophthalmic Solution.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Cooling Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injections - A Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Review
- Preventive factors, diagnosis, and management of injection-related endophthalmitis: a literature review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2022Review
- Novel Needle for Intravitreal Drug Delivery: Comparative Study of Needle Tip Aspirates, Injection Stream and Penetration Forces.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Randomized Controlled Study of Cooled vs Room-Temperature Artificial Tears for Reducing Ocular Surface Irritation After Intravitreal Injection.Journal of vitreoretinal diseasesArticle
- Intravitreal Injection Therapy: Current Techniques and Supplemental Services.Journal of vitreoretinal diseasesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe intravitreal injection has become one of the most commonly performed procedures in ophthalmology; however, there is no standardized approach to anesthesia during the procedure. The goal of this systematic review is to review approaches to anesthesia for intravitreal injection and look at comparative efficacy between these different anesthetics.
methodsA systematic review of literature was performed in the MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases using the key words "anesthesia", "pain management", and "intravitreal injection". Of the initial 239 search matches, 30 articles were found to be relevant to the topic. 18 studies were excluded as they did not include primary data or did not include the visual analog scale as a primary outcome. The remaining 12 articles were assessed to look at the comparative efficacy of anesthesia and adverse events.
resultsThe anesthesia techniques reported include topical methods such as anesthetic eyedrops, anesthetic gels, and anesthetic-soaked pledgets as well as subconjunctival injection of anesthetic. Ultimately, no single anesthetic or delivery mechanism was shown to be superior to the others in a statistically significant way and adverse events were largely insignificant. Limitations of these studies include relatively small sizes of the studies, as well as the lack of masking which may introduce bias.
conclusionIn the current literature, no type of anesthetic method was found to be superior to another for intravitreal injection. Future studies in this area may lead to new insights into the efficacy of different forms of intravitreal anesthesia.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.