ReviewClinical microbiology reviews2020
Imported Malaria in Countries where Malaria Is Not Endemic: a Comparison of Semi-immune and Nonimmune Travelers.
Review in Clinical microbiology reviews, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical characteristics and outcome of malaria-associated acute kidney injury in adult patients: a systematic review and meta analysis.Malaria journal · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of malaria and scrub typhus co-infection in febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasites & vectors · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of Praziquantel for Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Asymptomatic Gabonese Adults: A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Clinical Spectrum and Admission Correlates of Complicated Imported Malaria in Polish Travellers: An 11-Year Retrospective Analysis with Geographic Mapping of Travel Destinations.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Pediatric malaria in a non-endemic European setting: clinical patterns, laboratory markers, and the ambiguous role of immunity.Infection · 2026Article
- The profile of imported malaria in Sri Lanka from 2013 to 2023.BMC global and public health · 2026Article
- A comparison of the cost-effectiveness of the current standard of care and of the haematology analyser XN31-microscopy combination for diagnosing malaria in a nonendemic country.Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · 2026Article
- Clinical contribution of mNGS in the diagnosis and management of imported falciparum malaria in a malaria-free region: a five-case series from northern China.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Comparative Analysis of Initial Full Blood Count Parameters in Adults Infected WithOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Emerging Plasmodium falciparum K13 gene mutation to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs among malaria-infected population in sub-Saharan Africa.Parasites, hosts and diseases · 2025Review
- Travel to malaria-endemic areas: using digital geo-location to assess potential exposure risks and health behaviours.Journal of travel medicine · 2025Article
- The interplay of socio-demographic factors and disease prevalence: insights into malaria, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- The Immunomodulatory Role of Estrogen in Malaria: A Review of Sex Differences and Therapeutic Implications.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria related to international travel in the Republic of Korea from 2009 to 2018.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clinical and epidemiological profiles of confirmed malaria cases in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2001 to 2022.Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · 2025Observational
- Article
- Predicting the risk of malaria importation into Jiangsu Province, China: a modeling study.Globalization and health · 2024Article
- Imported malaria in a non-endemic country: sixteen years of cases in a hospital in the South of Madrid, Spain.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2024Article
- Dynamics of osteopontin levels and correlation with parasitemia in acute malaria in Uganda and Sweden.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The continuous increase in long-distance travel and recent large migratory movements have changed the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in countries where malaria is not endemic (here termed non-malaria-endemic countries). While malaria was primarily imported to nonendemic countries by returning travelers, the proportion of immigrants from malaria-endemic regions and travelers visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) in malaria-endemic countries has continued to increase. VFRs and immigrants from malaria-endemic countries now make up the majority of malaria patients in many nonendemic countries. Importantly, this group is characterized by various degrees of semi-immunity to malaria, resulting from repeated exposure to infection and a gradual decline of protection as a result of prolonged residence in non-malaria-endemic regions. Most studies indicate an effect of naturally acquired immunity in VFRs, leading to differences in the parasitological features, clinical manifestation, and odds for severe malaria and clinical complications between immune VFRs and nonimmune returning travelers. There are no valid data indicating evidence for differing algorithms for chemoprophylaxis or antimalarial treatment in semi-immune versus nonimmune malaria patients. So far, no robust biomarkers exist that properly reflect anti-parasite or clinical immunity. Until they are found, researchers should rigorously stratify their study results using surrogate markers, such as duration of time spent outside a malaria-endemic country.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.