ArticlePloS one2020
Reference curves for refraction in a German cohort of healthy children and adolescents.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Refractive Error Centile Curves for Asian and Western Children and Adolescents: An Individual Level Meta-Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Pooled it
- Gender and Refractive Error Stratified Ocular Biometry Percentile Curves in Indian School Children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Corrected Percentile Curves to Track Myopisation-The Anyang Childhood Eye Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Centile curves of refraction in children and adolescents aged 5-18 in Hubei Province: a study based on GAMLSS to predict refraction development.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Spherical Equivalent Percentile Curves in a Portuguese School-Aged Population.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Axial length normative data and percentile curves for schoolchildren in Taiwan: A tool for myopia monitoring.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Juvenile-onset myopia-who to treat and how to evaluate success.Eye (London, England) · 2024Review
- Prediction of refractive error and its progression: a machine learning-based algorithm.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Distribution of Axial Length in Australians of Different Age Groups, Ethnicities, and Refractive Errors.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- Visual search and childhood vision impairment: A GAMLSS-oriented multiverse analysis approach.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2023Article
- The relationship between myopia and near work, time outdoors and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents.BMC public health · 2022Article
- LMS parameters, percentile, and Z-score growth curves for axial length in Chinese schoolchildren in Wuhan.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Prevalence of refractive errors and risk factors for myopia among schoolchildren of Almaty, Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2022Article
- Article
- Relationship between axial length and spherical equivalent refraction in Chinese children.Advances in ophthalmology practice and research · 2021Article
- Analysis of suspected visual impairment risks based on objective refraction in 3-year-old children.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- IMI 2021 Yearly Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Review
- Percentile curves of refractive errors in a Spanish paediatric population.Journal of optometryObservational
- Distributional regression modeling via generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape: An overview through a data set from learning analytics.Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Data mining and knowledge discoveryReview
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposePercentile curves of refractive development for German children were generated. We hypothesize that refraction in children in central Europe might differ from data in central Asia.
methodsNon-cycloplegic refraction was measured using the ZEISS i.Profiler plus (Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH, Germany) in 1999 children, of which were 1046 male and 953 female, aged 3 to 18 years. Reference curves were calculated with the R-package GAMLSS as continuous function of age.
resultsThere were only little differences for all centiles between the genders at 3 years and a general trend towards more myopia with increasing age. For the 97th centile and the 3rd centile, girls showed higher myopia/ less hyperopia than boys. Between the age of 3 and 18, the median refraction became -0.68 D and -0.74 D more myopic for boys and girls, respectively. At the same time, the 97th centile for boys changed +0.29 D towards hyperopia and in girls -0.52 D towards myopia. A general myopic trend was seen in the 3rd centile, which was -2.46 D for boys and -2.98 D for girls. For both genders, the median became less than zero at the age of 10 years but did not become myopic (less than -0.5 D) up to the age of 18.
conclusionOur analysis presents the first reference curve for refraction in central Europe. In comparison to data from China and Korea, there is only little difference at the age of 5 years in all centiles which then increases continuously. For all ethnicities, a trend towards myopia with increasing age could be observed, but myopia progression is much higher in China and Korea than in Germany. The most marked differences can be seen in the lower centiles. Further investigations should clarify whether commencement of preschool activities with prolonged near-work initiates the divergence in refractive development.
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