ArticleMaternal & child nutrition2020
Infant formula and toddler milk marketing and caregiver's provision to young children.
Article in Maternal & child nutrition, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Impact of Toddler Milk Claims on Beliefs and Misperceptions: A Randomized Experiment with Parents of Young Children.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2022Trial
- U.S. Consumer Preferences for FDA Healthy vs. Generic Healthy Food Labels: The Influence of Trust.Food quality and preference · 2026Article
- Food and Drug Administration Expert Panel on Infant Formula "Operation Stork Speed" June 2025: Part 3, Marketing of Infant Formulas, Breastfeeding Support, Hypoallergenic Formulas, and Nutrition for Preterm Infants.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- Purchases of toddler formula in the USA: 17 years of household demographics and spending.Public health nutrition · 2026Article
- Prelacteal feeding practice and its associated factors in Afghanistan: insights from the 2022-2023 multiple indicator cluster survey.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
- Cross-Sectional Associations Between Exposure to Commercial Milk Formula Marketing, Beliefs About Its Use, and Socioeconomic Position Among Pregnant Women and Mothers in the UK.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Digital Marketing Claims and Their Association With the Perceptions of Parents of Children Under 2 Years Old of Commercial Milk Formulas in Mexico.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Trajectory of Obesity and the Impact of Eating Behaviors on Obesity in Preschool Children: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Research on commercial milk formulas for young children: A scoping review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Responsive Feeding Practices to Promote Healthy Diets: A Mixed Method Study among Low-Income Caregivers with Toddlers.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Toddler milk: a scoping review of research on consumption, perceptions, and marketing practices.Nutrition reviews · 2024Article
- Australian Stakeholder Perspectives on Healthier Retail Food Environments for Toddlers-The Era of "Band Aids and Small Inroads".Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- Commercial milk formula marketing following increased restrictions in Singapore: A qualitative study.Maternal & child nutrition · 2024Article
- Toddler Milk Perceptions and Responses to Front-of-Package Claims and Product Warnings: A Qualitative Study of Caregivers of Toddlers.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2023Article
- Community Solutions to Increase the Healthfulness of Grocery Stores: Perspectives of Immigrant Parents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Content analysis of on-package formula labelling in Great Britain: use of marketing messages on infant, follow-on, growing-up and specialist formula.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Response to Conway et al. (2023) from mothers and grandmothers: anti-industry bias, not formula marketing, is hurting us.Public health nutrition · 2023Article
- Digital marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes and baby foods: strategies, and recommendations for its regulation in Mexico.Globalization and health · 2023Article
- Effects of Sugary Drink Countermarketing Videos on Caregivers' Attitudes and Intentions to Serve Fruit Drinks and Toddler Milks to Young Children.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Marketing of sugar-sweetened children's drinks and parents' misperceptions about benefits for young children.Maternal & child nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes prohibits claims and other marketing that may confuse caregivers about benefits of formula and other milk-based drinks for infants and toddlers, but such marketing is common in the United States. This study assessed caregivers' provision of milk-based products to their infants and toddlers and potential confusion about product benefits and appropriate use. Online survey of 1,645 U.S. caregivers of infants (6-11 months) and toddlers (12-36 months). Respondents identified infant formula and toddler milk products they served their child (ren) and provided relative agreement with common marketing claims. Logistic regression assessed relationships between agreement and serving these products, controlling for individual characteristics. Over one-half of caregivers of infants (52%) agreed that infant formula can be better for babies' digestion and brain development than breastmilk, and 62% agreed it can provide nutrition not present in breastmilk. Most caregivers of toddlers (60%) agreed that toddler milks provide nutrition toddlers do not get from other foods. Some caregivers of infants (11%) reported serving toddler milk to their child most often. Agreement with marketing claims increased the odds of serving infant formula and/or toddler milks. For caregivers of toddlers, odds were higher for college-educated and lower for non-Hispanic White caregivers. Common marketing messages promoting infant formula and toddler milks may mislead caregivers about benefits and appropriateness of serving to young children. These findings support calls for public health policies and increased regulation of infant formula and toddler milks.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.