ArticleAIDS and behavior2020
Validation of the HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Stigma Scale: Performance of Likert and Semantic Differential Scale Versions.
Article in AIDS and behavior, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Implementation Research on Determinants and Strategies of Effective HIV Interventions for Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States.Annual review of psychology · 2024Pooled it
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Interventions among Black Sexual Minority Men: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Overcoming the HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Barrier With A Health Action Process Approach and Conditional Economic Incentives Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in 3 Chinese Cities: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Trial
- The Association Between Use of Adherence Support Interventions and Adherence to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Young South African and Zimbabwean Women in HPTN 082.AIDS and behavior · 2025Trial
- My Way: development and preliminary evaluation of a novel delivery system for PrEP and other sexual health needs of young women in Western Kenya.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Trial
- Assessing longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms and the influence of symptom trajectories on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence among adolescent girls in the HPTN 082 randomized controlled trial.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Trial
- Development and psychometric validation of SADAR-PrEP, an Indonesian PrEP knowledge and attitudes instrument.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Adding a Prevention Intervention to an Established App: The Blued+ HIV Prevention Pilot Study in Beijing and Chengdu, China.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Article
- Implementation Journey with CAB LA for PrEP Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Men: Insights from the PILLAR Trial Through 12 Months.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Evaluation of a Digital Intervention for Monitoring and Improving Medication Adherence Among Real-World e-Consumers of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis in China: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Extreme Community PrEP Stigma Perceptions as a Potential Deterrent to PrEP Use Among Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex with Men in the Deep South.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- The Role of PrEP Initiation on Depression Severity, HIV-Related Anxiety, HIV Stigma, and PrEP Stigma Among Sexual Minority Men in Singapore: Findings from a Prospective Cohort and Longitudinal Mixed-Methods Study.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- The semantic differential questionnaire format warrants consideration for use in healthcare settings.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- A Novel Social Network Approach to Measure Intersectional Stigma Among Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men in San Diego, California (NEXUS): Protocol for a Longitudinal Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Medication adherence and its associated factors among oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users in China: The Real-world E-consumer Cohort of PrEP study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Persistence of Intimate Partner Violence and Its Relationship to HIV Prevention Behaviors and Attitudes: A Longitudinal Study of Coupled Sexual Minority Men.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Prevention Among Transgender and Nonbinary Persons: Protocol for a Prospective Mixed Methods Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and PrEP Use Among Sexual Minority Men: The Mediating Roles of Internalized Homonegativity and PrEP Stigma.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Opinions and Concerns Surrounding Long-Acting Injectable (LAI) and Oral HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Current and Former LAI and Oral PrEP Users.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Integrating a Combination HIV Prevention Intervention Into a Widely Used Geosocial App for Chinese Men Who Have Sex With Men: Protocol for a Single-Arm Pilot and Repeated Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Stigma regarding HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is commonly implicated as a factor limiting the scale-up of this highly effective HIV prevention modality. To quantify and characterize PrEP stigma, we developed and validated a brief HIV PrEP Stigma Scale (HPSS) among a group of 279 men who have sex with men (MSM). Scale development was informed by a theoretical model to enhance content validity. We assessed two scale versions, Semantic Differential and Likert, randomizing the order in which scales were presented to participants. Both scales demonstrated high internal consistency. The Likert scale had substantially better construct validity and was selected as the preferred option. Scale scores demonstrated construct validity through association with constructs of interest: healthcare distrust, HIV knowledge, perceived proportion of friends/partners on PrEP, perceived community evaluation of PrEP, and perceived effectiveness of PrEP. The scale accounted for 25% of the total variance in reported willingness to be on PrEP, indicating the substantial role PrEP stigma may have on decisions to initiate PrEP. Given increased efforts to roll-out PrEP, having a valid tool to determine the level and types of PrEP stigma in individuals, groups, and communities can help direct implementation plans, identify goals for stigma reduction, and monitor progress over time.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.