ReviewHuman brain mapping2022
An overview of the first 5 years of the ENIGMA obsessive-compulsive disorder working group: The power of worldwide collaboration.
Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Human brain mapping, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
48citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
5.3field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Nature genetics · 2025Pooled it
- Use of Post-mortem Brain Tissue in Investigations of Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- White matter abnormalities in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies.Brain imaging and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- A comprehensive review for machine learning on neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Brain Structure in Acutely Underweight and Partially Weight-Restored Individuals With Anorexia Nervosa: A Coordinated Analysis by the ENIGMA Eating Disorders Working Group.Biological psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Cross disorder comparisons of brain structure in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: A review of ENIGMA findings.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2022Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of a Polyvagal Perspective on Embodied Contemplative Practices as Promoters of Cardiorespiratory Coupling and Traumatic Stress Recovery for PTSD and OCD: Research Methodologies and State of the Art.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Fear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Common abnormality of gray matter integrity in substance use disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: A comparative voxel-based meta-analysis.Human brain mapping · 2021Pooled it
- Regional Cerebellar Volumetrics in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An ENIGMA-OCD Study.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- "It Doesn't Matter Where OCD Comes From," or Does It?Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- Altered frontal and occipital cortical microstructure in obsessive-compulsive disorder - a multisite mega-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Structural Brain Correlates of Childhood Inhibited Temperament: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Global scientific trends on neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder in the early twenty-first century: a bibliometric analysis and visualization analysis.Annals of general psychiatry · 2026Review
- Subregional thalamic atrophy in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A machine learning study.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2026Article
- Neuroimaging and Machine Learning in OCD: Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Insights.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- "It's All Under Control" - Description of the Dissociation Between Psychological Symptoms and Autonomic Arousal in People With Obsessive-compulsive Symptoms: A Case-control Study.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Observational
- Pre-CBT resting-state connectivity and white matter integrity in OCD remission: A multimodal MRI study.Neuroimage. Reports · 2025Article
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
63 authors at 20 institutions in 20 countries.
Odile A van den HeuvelDepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9804-7653
Premika S W BoedhoeDepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Sara BertolinDepartment of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
Willem B BruinDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Clyde FrancksDepartment of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9098-890X
Iliyan IvanovIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
Neda JahanshadKeck USC School of Medicine, Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Marina del Rey, California.
Xiang-Zhen KongDepartment of Language & Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jun Soo KwonDepartment of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Joseph O'NeillDivision of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Jane & Terry Semel Institute For Neuroscience, Los Angeles, California.
Tomas PausHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Yash PatelHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Bloorview Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Fabrizio PirasLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
Lianne SchmaalOrygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia.
Carles Soriano-MasDepartment of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
Gianfranco SpallettaLaboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-7432-4249
Guido A van WingenDepartment of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Je-Yeon YunSeoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Chris VriendDepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
H Blair SimpsonCenter for OC and Related Disorders at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
Daan van RooijDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Marcelo Q HoexterDepartamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Martine HoogmanDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1261-7628
Jan K BuitelaarDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Paul ArnoldMathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education and Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Jan C BeuckeHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
Francesco BenedettiDepartment of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Scientific Institute Ospedale, Milan, Italy.
Irene BollettiniDepartment of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Scientific Institute Ospedale, Milan, Italy.
Anushree BoseObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Brian P BrennanMcLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts.
Alessandro S De NadaiDepartment of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas.
Kate FitzgeraldDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Patricia GrunerDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Edna GrünblattDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Yoshiyuki HiranoResearch Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
Chaim HuyserDe Bascule, academic center child and adolescent psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Anthony JamesDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Kathrin KochDepartment of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Gerd KvaleBergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Luisa LazaroDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
Christine LochnerSAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.
Rachel MarshCenter for OC and Related Disorders at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
David Mataix-ColsDepartment of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Scientific Institute Ospedale, Milan, Italy.
Pedro MorgadoLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
Takashi NakamaeDepartment of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Tomohiro NakaoDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan.
Janardhanan C NarayanaswamyObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Erika NurmiDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
Christopher PittengerOCD Research Clinic, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
Y C Janardhan ReddyKarolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden.
João R SatoCenter of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil.
Noam SoreniPediatric OCD Consultation Service, Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
S Evelyn StewartDepartment of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Stephan F TaylorDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
David TolinAnxiety Disorders Center, The Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut.
Sophia I ThomopoulosKeck USC School of Medicine, Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Marina del Rey, California.ORCID 0000-0002-0046-4070
Dick J VeltmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ganesan VenkatasubramanianObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Clinic Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
Susanne WalitzaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Zhen WangShanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Paul M ThompsonKeck USC School of Medicine, Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, Marina del Rey, California.
Dan J SteinSAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
ENIGMA-OCD working group
Amsterdam Neuroscience · NLRadboud University Nijmegen · NLMarina Del Rey Hospital · USNational Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences · INOspedale Maggiore · ITUniversity of Michigan · USHaukeland University Hospital · NOHolland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital · CAKarolinska Institutet · SENew York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute · USSeoul National University · KRYale University · USAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · USBaylor College of Medicine · USBellvitge University Hospital · ESCenter for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University · JPCentro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental · ESClinical Academic Center of Braga · PTDe Bascule · NLFondazione Santa Lucia · IT
Funding
Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9MTraining U54EB020403 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2014 to 2018
$10.1MTRAINING THE SCIENCE OF CHILD MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENTT32MH073517 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI SUMA JACOB, John C. Piacentini · 2006 to 2026
$5.2MHigh resolution mapping of the genetic risk for disease in the aging brainR01AG059874 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI JAHANSHAD, NEDA · 2018 to 2022
$3.1MCognitive-Behavioral Therapy & Glutametergic Neurometabolites in Pediatric OCDR01MH081864 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI O'NEILL, JOSEPH, PIACENTINI, JOHN C. · 2008 to 2012
$3.0MControl and Reward Circuits as Targets for Repetitive Thoughts and BehaviorsR01MH104648 · NIMH · NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE DBA RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, INC · PI MARSH, RACHEL, SIMPSON, HELEN BLAIR · 2014 to 2017
$2.8MNeural mechanisms of perceptual abnormalities and their malleability in bodydysmorphic disorderR01MH121520 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI FEUSNER, JAMIE · 2020 to 2025
$2.8MENIGMA-SD: Understanding Sex Differences in Global Mental Health through ENIGMAR01MH116147 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2018 to 2021
$2.5MIndividually targeted neuromodulation for contamination-based OCDR61MH121640 · NIMH · MCLEAN HOSPITAL · PI BRENNAN, BRIAN P. · 2021 to 2022
$2.1MCognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Glutamate in Cingulate Gyrus in OCDR01MH085900 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI FEUSNER, JAMIE, O'NEILL, JOSEPH · 2011 to 2014
$1.8MA global alliance to unlock brain mechanisms influencing suicidal behaviors through the ENIGMA ConsortiumR01MH117601 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI JAHANSHAD, NEDA, SCHMAAL, LIANNE · 2018 to 2021
$1.5MfMRI study of developing medial prefrontal cortical function in pediatric OCDK23MH082176 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI FITZGERALD, KATE DIMOND · 2008 to 2012
$899kCIHRNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NIA NIH HHS R01 AG059874NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020403NIH HHS K23 MH115206NIH HHS R01AG059874NIH HHS R01MH117601NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH082176NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH115206NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH081864NIMH NIH HHS R01MH081864NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH085900NIMH NIH HHS R01MH085900NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH104648NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH116147NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117601NIMH NIH HHS R01MH117601NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH121520NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH093889NIMH NIH HHS R21 MH110865NIMH NIH HHS R61 MH121640NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH073517Swiss National Science Foundation 320030_130237Wellcome-DBT India Alliance 500236/Z/11/ZWellcome Trust
Abstract
Neuroimaging has played an important part in advancing our understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). At the same time, neuroimaging studies of OCD have had notable limitations, including reliance on relatively small samples. International collaborative efforts to increase statistical power by combining samples from across sites have been bolstered by the ENIGMA consortium; this provides specific technical expertise for conducting multi-site analyses, as well as access to a collaborative community of neuroimaging scientists. In this article, we outline the background to, development of, and initial findings from ENIGMA's OCD working group, which currently consists of 47 samples from 34 institutes in 15 countries on 5 continents, with a total sample of 2,323 OCD patients and 2,325 healthy controls. Initial work has focused on studies of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes, structural connectivity, and brain lateralization in children, adolescents and adults with OCD, also including the study on the commonalities and distinctions across different neurodevelopment disorders. Additional work is ongoing, employing machine learning techniques. Findings to date have contributed to the development of neurobiological models of OCD, have provided an important model of global scientific collaboration, and have had a number of clinical implications. Importantly, our work has shed new light on questions about whether structural and functional alterations found in OCD reflect neurodevelopmental changes, effects of the disease process, or medication impacts. We conclude with a summary of ongoing work by ENIGMA-OCD, and a consideration of future directions for neuroimaging research on OCD within and beyond ENIGMA.
Indexed as
NeuroimagingObsessive-Compulsive DisorderCerebral CortexHumansMachine LearningMulticenter Studies as Topiccortical thicknessENIGMAmega-analysismeta-analysisMRIobsessive-compulsive disordersurface areavolume
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