ArticleBMC nutrition2019
Awareness and factors associated with reported intake of folic acid-fortified flour among women of reproductive age in Ifakara, Morogoro region, Tanzania: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Impacts of Food Fortification on Micronutrient Intake and Nutritional Status of Women of Reproductive Age in Africa-A Narrative Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Review
- A survey on women's awareness of iron and folic acid intake during preconception period and its associated factors in Manna District, Oromia region, Southwest Ethiopia.Nursing open · 2022Article
- Preconception of folic acid supplementation knowledge among Ethiopian women reproductive age group in areas with high burden of neural tube defects: a community based cross-sectional study.Journal of nutritional science · 2022Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundFolic acid fortification of staple foods has been in place in many countries for over two decades. Studies have shown that folic acid fortification can significantly reduce incidence of neural tube defects. Tanzania adopted a mandatory fortification policy for commercially-produced wheat and maize flour in 2011. We determined factors influencing intake of folic acid-fortified flour among women of reproductive age (WRA).
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study among WRA during March-April 2017 in Ifakara Town Council, Morogoro region. Multistage cluster sampling was used to select study participants. We used a questionnaire to capture information on demographics, awareness of folic acid, awareness of existence of folic acid fortified flour in community and intake of folic acid fortified flour. Intake was defined as reported consumption of folic acid fortified flour products at least once within 7 days before interview. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable logistic analyses were done to evaluate factors associated with intake of folic acid fortified flour.
resultsThe median age of the 698 participating WRA was 30 years (range: 18-49). Awareness of folic acid and folic acid fortified flour was 6.9% (95% CI: 5.2-9.0%) and 7.5% (95% CI: 5.7-9.6%), respectively. Consumption of folic acid fortified flour was 63.3% (95% CI: 59.7-66.8%). Independent factors associated with intake included being employed (aOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.19-3.06), having no children (nulliparity) (aOR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.36-4.95) or having 1-4 children (aOR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.17-3.33) (vs. 5 or more children), and folic acid awareness (aOR = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.30-4.92).
conclusionFolic acid fortified flour was used by most respondents in our study despite low awareness of existence of folic acid fortified flour in the community. Being employed, having fewer than five children, and folic acid awareness were independent factors associated with intake. We recommend scaling up of mandatory flour fortification program and doing further studies on blood folate level among women of reproductive age in Ifakara to assess fortification program effectiveness.
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