ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Trained Immunity: An Underlying Driver of Inflammatory Atherosclerosis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drugging trained immunity: immunometabolic and epigenetic control of maladaptive inflammatory memory in chronic inflammatory diseases.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Trained immunity: New insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in diabetes and diabetic complications.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Chronic intermittent hypoxia sustains the low-grade inflammatory memory of monocytes via activation of myelopoiesis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Messenger RNA Vaccines.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Novel Organelle-Based Intracellular Immunity with Mechanistic and Therapeutic Implications.Barrier immunity · 2026Article
- Maladaptive Trained Immunity Drives Persistent IL-6 Production and Enhanced TLR Responsiveness in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages from People Living with HIV.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Discovery of Seven ROS-Sensitive Immune Checkpoints and 46 Ligands Mediating Immune Suppression Through T cell-APC Networks.Journal of Cancer · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis-induced chronic inflammation as a driver of atherosclerosis: cellular crosstalk and host-microbe interactions.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity-Like Memory in Vascular Structural Cells: Metabolic-Epigenetic Reprogramming as a Driving Mechanism of Atherosclerosis and Residual Cardiovascular Risk.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Review
- Maladaptive trained immunity in viral infections.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- The role of immunoglobins in atherosclerosis development; friends or foe?Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Alzheimer's disease as an auto-innate immune pathology with potential cell trans-differentiation and enhanced trained immunity in 3xTg-AD mouse model.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Trained immunity causes myeloid cell hypercoagulability.Science advances · 2025Article
- Organelle stresses and energetic metabolisms promote endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and fibrosis via upregulating FOSB and MEOX1 in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2025Article
- DAMP-driven trained immunity: metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming in critical illness and chronic inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immune Checkpoints Are New Therapeutic Targets in Regulating Cardio-, and Cerebro-Vascular Diseases and CD4International journal of drug discovery and pharmacology · 2024Article
- Innate immune memory in chronic HIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): potential mechanisms and clinical implications.Journal of neurovirology · 2024Review
- Protein-rich foods, sea foods, and gut microbiota amplify immune responses in chronic diseases and cancers - Targeting PERK as a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Association between dietary carotenoid intakes and abdominal aortic calcification in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The persistence of low-grade vascular inflammation has been considered to fuel the development of atherosclerosis. However, fundamental mechanistic understanding of the establishment of non-resolving low-grade inflammation is lacking, and a large number of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular complications cannot be prevented by current therapeutic regimens. Trained immunity is an emerging new concept describing a prolonged hyperactivation of the innate immune system after exposure to certain stimuli, leading to an augmented immune response to a secondary stimulus. While it exerts beneficial effects for host defense against invading pathogens, uncontrolled persistent innate immune activation causes chronic inflammatory diseases. In light of the above, the long-term over-activation of the innate immune system conferred by trained immunity has been recently hypothesized to serve as a link between non-resolving vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Here, we provide an overview of current knowledge on trained immunity triggered by various exogenous and endogenous inducers, with particular emphasis on its pro-atherogenic effects and the underlying intracellular mechanisms that act at both the cellular level and systems level. We also discuss how trained immunity could be mechanistically linked to atherosclerosis from both preclinical and clinical perspectives. This review details the mechanisms underlying the induction of trained immunity by different stimuli, and highlights that the intracellular training programs can be different, though partly overlapping, depending on the stimulus and the biological system. Thus, clinical investigation of risk factor specific innate immune memory is necessary for future use of trained immunity-based therapy in atherosclerosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.