ReviewReviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders2020
Serotonin pathway in carcinoid syndrome: Clinical, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Review in Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pregnancy in a patient with metastatic functioning midgut neuroendocrine tumor receiving lanreotide after peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- AIMN, ITANET, SIE joint position paper for the recognition, prevention and management of NET carcinoid syndrome and crises during peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Review
- Chemistry, Applications, and Synthesis Methods of Indole Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review.Chemical record (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Serotonin modulation of metabolism and stress response in Pseudomonas fluorescens.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Congestive Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Among Hospitalized Patients With Carcinoid Syndrome.Cureus · 2025Article
- Exploring the association between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and the risk of carcinoid syndrome: a Mendelian randomization analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- The role of the nervous system in the occurrence, development, and immune response of renal cell carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The tryptophan metabolic pathway of the microbiome and host cells in health and disease.International immunology · 2024Review
- Exploring Carcinoid Syndrome in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Insights from a Multidisciplinary Narrative Review.Cancers · 2024Review
- Gender-related differences in patients with carcinoid syndrome: new insights from an Italian multicenter cohort study.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Article
- Investigating the causal relationship between gut microbiota and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Carcinoid Syndrome: Preclinical Models and Future Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and carcinoid syndrome: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The role of serotonin inhibition within the treatment of carcinoid syndrome.Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England) · 2023Review
- Sex differences in carcinoid syndrome: A gap to be closed.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2022Review
- Review
- The anti-anxiety/depression effect of a combined complex of casein hydrolysate and γ-aminobutyric acid on C57BL/6 mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- Update in carcinoid heart disease - the heart of the matter.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2021Review
- Carcinoid Syndrome and Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Associated with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Critical Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Management.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Limited Diagnostic Utility of Chromogranin A Measurements in Workup of Neuroendocrine Tumors.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carcinoid syndrome represents the most common functional syndrome that affects patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms. Its clinical presentation is really heterogeneous, ranging from mild and often misdiagnosed symptoms to severe manifestations, that significantly worsen the patient's quality of life, such as difficult-to-control diarrhoea and fibrotic complications. Serotonin pathway alteration plays a central role in the pathophysiology of carcinoid syndrome, accounting for most clinical manifestations and providing diagnostic tools. Serotonin pathway is complex, resulting in production of biologically active molecules such as serotonin and melatonin, as well as of different intermediate molecules and final metabolites. These activities require site- and tissue-specific catalytic enzymes. Variable expression and activities of these enzymes result in different clinical pictures, according to primary site of origin of the tumour. At the same time, the biochemical diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome could be difficult even in case of typical symptoms. Therefore, the accuracy of the diagnostic methods of assessment should be improved, also attenuating the impact of confounding factors and maybe considering new serotonin precursors or metabolites as diagnostic markers. Finally, the prognostic role of serotonin markers has been only evaluated for its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid but, due to heterogeneous and biased study designs, no definitive conclusions have been achieved. The most recent progress is represented by the new therapeutic agent telotristat, an inhibitor of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, which blocks the conversion of tryptophan in 5-hydroxy-tryptophan. The present review investigates the clinical significance of serotonin pathway in carcinoid syndrome, considering its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
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