ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2021
Family-Based Designs that Disentangle Inherited Factors from Pre- and Postnatal Environmental Exposures: In Vitro Fertilization, Discordant Sibling Pairs, Maternal versus Paternal Comparisons, and Adoption Designs.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Positive and negative parenting practices and offspring disruptive behavior: A meta-analytic review of quasi-experimental evidence.Psychological bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- The tangential growth of the human visual cortex and maternal smoking during pregnancy.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2026Article
- Maternal migraine and offspring ADHD: triangulating the evidence.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Mediating mechanisms of the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and adolescent suicide attempt: A 17-year longitudinal study.Psychological medicine · 2026Article
- Sibling Control Analysis of Perinatal Health and Family Environment Factors Related to Childhood ADHD Symptoms.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Implications of the genomic revolution for education research and policy.British educational research journal · 2024Article
- Teratogenesis and the epigenetic programming of congenital defects: Why paternal exposures matter.Birth defects research · 2023Review
- Causal models and causal modelling in obesity: foundations, methods and evidence.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2023Review
- Genetic nurture versus genetic transmission of risk for ADHD traits in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Considerations toward an epigenetic and common pathways theory of mental disorder.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2023Article
- Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders.Nature. Mental health · 2023Article
- Investigating Direct and Indirect Genetic Effects in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Parent-Offspring Trios.Biological psychiatry · 2023Article
- Research Review: How to interpret associations between polygenic scores, environmental risks, and phenotypes.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2022Review
- Article
- Causal Inference with Genetic Data: Past, Present, and Future.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2022Review
- Genetic Advances in Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2021Review
- The Meaning of "Cause" in Genetics.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Article
- Triangulating Evidence through the Inclusion of Genetically Informed Designs.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Identifying environmental risk and protective exposures that have causal effects on health is an important scientific goal. Many environmental exposures are nonrandomly allocated and influenced by dispositional factors including inherited ones. We review family-based designs that can separate the influence of environmental exposures from inherited influences shared between parent and offspring. We focus on prenatal exposures. We highlight that the family-based designs that can separate the prenatal environment from inherited confounds are different to those that are able to pull apart later-life environmental exposures from inherited confounds. We provide a brief review of the literature on maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems; these inconsistencies in the literature make a review useful and this illustrates that results of family-based genetically informed studies are inconsistent with a causal interpretation for this exposure and these two offspring outcomes.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.