ArticleClinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association2021
Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Increases Risk of Incident Kidney Stones.
Article in Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03719170 (Evaluation of the National Randomized Proton Pump Inhibitor De-prescribing), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of the National Randomized Proton Pump Inhibitor De-prescribing (RaPPID) Program
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic causal association between kidney stones and proton pump inhibitors.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Association between gastroesophageal reflux disease and kidney stone disease in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.Urolithiasis · 2026Article
- Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of urolithiasis: A Mendelian randomization study.Medicine · 2025Article
- Drug-induced kidney stones: a real-world pharmacovigilance study using the FDA adverse event reporting system database.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- To wean or not to wean: proton pump inhibitor management after anti-reflux surgery amongst foregut experts.Surgical endoscopy · 2024Article
- Proton pump inhibitors use is associated with a higher prevalence of kidney stones: NHANES 2007-2018.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Effects of Medications on theKidney international reports · 2024Article
- The State of Use and Utility of Negative Controls in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Review
- An exploratory study evaluated the 30 most commonly reported medications in the United States food and drug administration's adverse event reporting system that are associated with the occurrence of kidney stones.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between Urolithiasis and History Proton Pump Inhibitor Medication: A Nested Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Proton pump inhibitors use and risk of incident nephrolithiasis.Urolithiasis · 2022Article
- Proton-pump inhibitors associated with decreased urinary citrate excretion.International urology and nephrology · 2021Article
- Who Needs Gastroprotection in 2020?Current treatment options in gastroenterology · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed and have effects on gut ion absorption and urinary ion concentrations. PPIs might therefore protect against or contribute to development of kidney stones. We investigated the association between PPI use and kidney stones.
methodsWe performed a retrospective study using data from the Women's Veteran's Cohort Study, which comprised men and women, from October 1, 1999 through September 30, 2017. We collected data from 465,891 patients on PPI usage over time, demographics, laboratory results, comorbidities, and medication usage. Time-varying Cox proportional hazards and propensity matching analyses determined risk of PPI use and incident development of kidney stones. Use of histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) was measured and levothyroxine use was a negative control exposure.
resultsPPI use was associated with kidney stones in the unadjusted analysis, with PPI use as a time-varying variable (hazard ratio [HR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.67-1.82), and persisted in the adjusted analysis (HR, 1.46; CI, 1.38-1.55). The association was maintained in a propensity score-matched subset of PPI users and nonusers (adjusted HR, 1.25; CI 1.19-1.33). Increased dosage of PPI was associated with increased risk of kidney stones (HR, 1.11; CI, 1.09-1.14 for each increase in 30 defined daily doses over a 3-month period). H2RAs were also associated with increased risk (adjusted HR, 1.47; CI 1.31-1.64). We found no association, in adjusted analysis, of levothyroxine use with kidney stones (adjusted HR, 1.06; CI 0.94-1.21).
conclusionsIn a large cohort study of veterans, we found PPI use to be associated with a dose-dependent increase in risk of kidney stones. H2RA use also has an association with risk of kidney stones, so acid suppression might be an involved mechanism. The effect is small and should not change prescribing for most patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.