ArticleNeurobiology of learning and memory2020
Classical music, educational learning, and slow wave sleep: A targeted memory reactivation experiment.
Article in Neurobiology of learning and memory, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bedtime Music, Involuntary Musical Imagery, and Sleep.Psychological science · 2021Trial
- Music cue during slow wave sleep improves visuospatial memory consolidation.Journal of sleep research · 2025Article
- Musical harmony is processed during sleep: a proof-of-concept study.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2025Article
- An update on recent advances in targeted memory reactivation during sleep.NPJ science of learning · 2024Review
- The transformative power of music: Insights into neuroplasticity, health, and disease.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Review
- Meta-narrative review: the impact of music therapy on sleep and future research directions.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Review
- Review
- Improving memory via automated targeted memory reactivation during sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2022Article
- Odor cueing during sleep improves consolidation of a history lesson in a school setting.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Sleep disparities in the first month of college: implications for academic achievement.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2022Article
- Application of Lightweight Deep Learning Model in Vocal Music Education in Higher Institutions.Computational intelligence and neuroscience · 2022Article
- Measuring and Modeling the Effect of Audio on Human Focus in Everyday Environments Using Brain-Computer Interface Technology.Frontiers in computational neuroscience · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Poor sleep in college students compromises the memory consolidation processes necessary to retain course materials. A solution may lie in targeting reactivation of memories during sleep (TMR). Fifty undergraduate students completed a college-level microeconomics lecture (mathematics-based) while listening to distinctive classical music (Chopin, Beethoven, and Vivaldi). After they fell asleep, we re-played the classical music songs (TMR) or a control noise during slow wave sleep. Relative to the control condition, the TMR condition showed an 18% improvement for knowledge transfer items that measured concept integration (d = 0.63), increasing the probability of "passing" the test with a grade of 70 or above (OR = 4.68, 95%CI: 1.21, 18.04). The benefits of TMR did not extend to a 9-month follow-up test when performance dropped to floor levels, demonstrating that long-term-forgetting curves are largely resistant to experimentally-consolidated memories. Spectral analyses revealed greater frontal theta activity during slow wave sleep in the TMR condition than the control condition (d = 0.87), and greater frontal theta activity across conditions was associated with protection against long-term-forgetting at the next-day and 9-month follow-up tests (rs = 0.42), at least in female students. Thus, students can leverage instrumental music-which they already commonly pair with studying-to help prepare for academic tests, an approach that may promote course success and persistence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.