ReviewJournal of the National Cancer Institute2020
Putting the Pieces Together: Completing the Mechanism of Action Jigsaw for Sipuleucel-T.
Review in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 82 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combinations of treatments based on radiotherapy or radionuclides to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes as an endpoint in cancer vaccine trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Exploratory FDG PET/CT Imaging in mCRPC Patients Treated with Sipuleucel-T ± IL-7: A Phase II Trial Subanalysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- Programmed death-1 inhibition increases vaccine-induced T-cell infiltration in patients with prostate cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Trial
- Pre-existing immune status associated with response to combination of sipuleucel-T and ipilimumab in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Trial
- Long-term Sculpting of the B-cell Repertoire following Cancer Immunotherapy in Patients Treated with Sipuleucel-T.Cancer immunology research · 2020Trial
- Multicenter Phase I Trial of a DNA Vaccine Encoding the Androgen Receptor Ligand-binding Domain (pTVG-AR, MVI-118) in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2020Trial
- Cancer Vaccines: Mobilizing Immunity for Targeted Cancer Therapy.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2026Review
- Recent advances and future prospects of immunotherapeutic approaches in prostate cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Breaking barriers in prostate cancer: the mRNA vaccine breakthrough and what comes next.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- Synergistic potential of sipuleucel-T in enhancing immunotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- From intracellular drivers to immune modulators: emerging paradigms in oncogenic pathway-directed immunotherapy optimization.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Gnostic and agnostic immunotherapy by tropism-retargeted herpes simplex virus without direct tumor treatment.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Pyrazoline Derivatives: Exploring the Synthesis and Development of New Ligands for Anti-Cancer Therapy.Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates)) · 2025Review
- Advancing Prostate Cancer Treatment: Innovations and Challenges in Immunotherapy.Cancer treatment and research · 2025Review
- Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy: Time to Move Beyond Checkpoint Inhibitors.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2025Review
- Cellular Immunotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Lessons Learned From 15 Years of Sipuleucel-T.Prostate cancer · 2025Review
- Review
- Current status of vaccine immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers.Surgery today · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sipuleucel-T is an autologous cellular immunotherapy that induces an immune response targeted against prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) to treat asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the phase III IMPACT study, sipuleucel-T was associated with a statistically significantly increased overall survival (OS) (median = 4.1 months) vs placebo. Patients with baseline prostate-specific antigen levels in the lowest quartile (≤22.1 ng/mL) exhibited a 13-month improvement in OS with sipuleucel-T. Together, this led sipuleucel-T to be approved and recommended as first-line therapy in various guidelines for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review discusses the varied findings about the mechanisms of action of sipuleucel-T, bringing them together to form a more coherent picture. These pieces include inducing a statistically significant increase in antigen-presenting cell activation; inducing a peripheral immune response specific to the target (PAP) and/or immunizing (PA2024) antigens; stimulating systemic cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity; and mediating antigen spread (ie, increased antibody responses to secondary proteins in addition to PAP and PA2024). Each of these pieces individually correlates with OS. Sipuleucel-T also traffics T cells to the prostate and is associated with long-term immune memory such that a second course of treatment induces an anamnestic immune response. Prostate cancer does not have a strongly inflamed microenvironment, thus its response to immune checkpoint inhibitors is limited. Because sipuleucel-T is able to traffic T cells to the tumor, it may be an ideal combination partner with immunotherapies including immune checkpoint inhibitors or with radiation therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.