Trial reportJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2020
Adaptive conjunctive cognitive training (ACCT) in virtual reality for chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial.
Trial report in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Smart Autonomous Neuro-Rehabilitation System
Personalised Health Motor and Cognitive Assistance System for RehAbilitation (PHRASE): A Randomized Clinical Trial
Integrating AI in Stroke Neurorehabilitation (AISN)
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Computerized Cognitive Training in Patients With Poststroke Cognitive Impairment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of nonpharmacological interventions on poststroke depression: a network meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Interventions for perceptual disorders following stroke.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Preventing slowing down of alpha rhythms in stroke patients through modulation of cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Immersive virtual reality for cognitive rehabilitation in patients who had a stroke: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Navigating Virtual Reality in Stroke Rehabilitation: Scoping Review of Diverse Intervention Effects.JMIR serious games · 2026Review
- Immersive virtual reality for functional hand and finger rehabilitation: results from a randomized controlled trial in 150 patients after traumatic hand injuries.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of cognitive rehabilitation interventions on memory improvement in patients after stroke: A systematic review.World journal of methodology · 2025Article
- The overlooked role of exergames in cognitive-motor neurorehabilitation: a systematic review.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Exercises Based on a Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Application for Upper Limb Rehabilitation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Virtual reality-enhanced rehabilitation for improving musculoskeletal function and recovery after trauma.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Review
- Enhancing Neuroplasticity Post Stroke: The Role of Cognitive-Behavioral Training.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Interventions for Neural Plasticity in Stroke Recovery.Archives of internal medicine research · 2025Article
- PEMOCS: effects of a concept-guided, PErsonalized, MOtor-Cognitive exergame training on cognitive functions and gait in chronic Stroke-a randomized, controlled trial.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Metacognition impairment in stroke.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- AI Applications in Adult Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review Using AI.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effect of tDCS combined with virtual reality for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial study protocol.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2024Article
- Study of the Possibility of Using Virtual Reality Application in Rehabilitation among Elderly Post-Stroke Patients.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Experience of Youths and Older People With Virtual Reality Games for Cognitive Assessment: Inductive Thematic Analysis and Insights for Key Stakeholders.JMIR XR and spatial computing · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCurrent evidence for the effectiveness of post-stroke cognitive rehabilitation is weak, possibly due to two reasons. First, patients typically express cognitive deficits in several domains. Therapies focusing on specific cognitive deficits might not address their interrelated neurological nature. Second, co-occurring psychological problems are often neglected or not diagnosed, although post-stroke depression is common and related to cognitive deficits. This pilot trial aims to test a rehabilitation program in virtual reality that trains various cognitive domains in conjunction, by adapting to the patient's disability and while investigating the influence of comorbidities.
methodsThirty community-dwelling stroke patients at the chronic stage and suffering from cognitive impairment performed 30 min of daily training for 6 weeks. The experimental group followed, so called, adaptive conjunctive cognitive training (ACCT) using RGS, whereas the control group solved standard cognitive tasks at home for an equivalent amount of time. A comprehensive test battery covering executive function, spatial awareness, attention, and memory as well as independence, depression, and motor impairment was applied at baseline, at 6 weeks and 18-weeks follow-up.
resultsAt baseline, 75% of our sample had an impairment in more than one cognitive domain. The experimental group showed improvements in attention ([Formula: see text] (2) = 9.57, p < .01), spatial awareness ([Formula: see text] (2) = 11.23, p < .01) and generalized cognitive functioning ([Formula: see text] (2) = 15.5, p < .001). No significant change was seen in the executive function and memory domain. For the control group, no significant change over time was found. Further, they worsened in their depression level after treatment (T = 45, r = .72, p < .01) but returned to baseline at follow-up. The experimental group displayed a lower level of depression than the control group after treatment (Ws = 81.5, z = - 2.76, r = - .60, p < .01) and (Ws = 92, z = - 2.03, r = - .44, p < .05).
conclusionsACCT positively influences attention and spatial awareness, as well as depressive mood in chronic stroke patients.
trial registrationThe trial was registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02816008) on June 21, 2016.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.