ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2020
The protective effect of trusted dealers against opioid overdose in the U.S.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug sellers' use of a drug checking service amid the overdose crisis in British Columbia, Canada.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Health Harms Associated With Forced Displacements Among People Who Use Drugs in San Francisco, California.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- Anti-Latine bias and drug-induced homicide law support: Evidence from a nationally diverse, randomized survey experiment in the United States.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- The public health impacts of drug-induced homicide laws: a community-engaged scoping review.Health & justice · 2026Article
- The Portuguese police experience with drug decriminalisation.Policing & society · 2026Article
- Stable patterns, shifting risks: the impact of British Columbia's decriminalization and recriminalization policies on drug use behaviours.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- A qualitative study of police officers' knowledge of the relationship between police opioid seizures and subsequent risk of overdose.Health & justice · 2025Article
- Navigating US illicit drug market volatility: harm reduction strategies employed by people who inject drugs.Health promotion international · 2025Article
- Understanding Drug and Alcohol Staff Perspectives on the Barriers and Facilitators to Drug Checking: A Qualitative Study.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Mini-review: Harm reduction strategies among people who intentionally use fentanyl.Addictive behaviors reports · 2025Article
- The emergence of fentanyl in a stimulant landscape: Un/intentional use, social relations, and developing communities of care.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Self-reported pathways through which illicitly manufactured fentanyl enters the stimulant supply: Novel insights from people incarcerated for drug manufacturing and distribution.SSM. Qualitative research in health · 2025Article
- Online gambling forums as a potential target for harm reduction: an exploratory natural language processing analysis of a reddit.com forum.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- The Police Opioid Seizure Temporal Risk (POSTeR) model of increased exposure to fatal overdose.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Law Enforcement Drug Seizures and Opioid-Involved Overdose Mortality.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Looking into the black mirror of the overdose crisis: Assessing the harms of collaborative surveillance technologies in the United States response.Medical anthropology quarterly · 2025Article
- Overdose as a complex contagion: modelling the community spread of overdose events following law enforcement efforts to disrupt the drug market.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Unpacking the Effects of Decriminalization: Understanding Drug Use Experiences and Risks among Individuals Who Use Drugs in British Columbia.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Normalizing fentanyl: interpreting the perceived 'risk' of correctional officer work.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2024Article
- Correlates of fentanyl preference among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOpioid overdose has become the leading cause of death among adults between 25 and 54 years old in the U.S. The purpose of this study is to explore the social and relational factors that shape the current opioid overdose epidemic.
methodsBetween January 2016 and February 2017, adults in Providence, Rhode Island, who use opioids were recruited to complete structured survey and semi-structured interview about the social context of their substance use.
resultsA total of 92 individuals completed a survey and an interview. Of those, 51 individuals (68.6% male, 49.0% white) discussed their relationships with drug suppliers in their interview and were included in this sub-study. Many of these participants indicated that long-term relationships with trusted dealers represent a key strategy for reducing the risk of substance use-related harm due to suppliers' alleged adoption of consumer protection strategies (e.g. refusing to sell fentanyl) and quality assurance measures (e.g. testing batches of drugs for fentanyl prior to sale).
conclusionInterpersonal relationships between individuals who use drugs and their suppliers strongly influence the risk and protective factors experienced by people who use drugs in today's opioid overdose epidemic. Evidence-based prevention strategies that are based on an awareness of-or even designed to harness-those positive and/or protective relationships that people who use drugs have already constructed for themselves are likely merited.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.