ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2020
Childhood vaccinations and adult schooling attainment: Long-term evidence from India's Universal Immunization Programme.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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10 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Household Water and Handwashing Facilities and Early Childhood Education Participation in Nepal: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey.Health science reports · 2026Article
- The associations between childhood vaccine history and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among older adults in 28 high-income countries.Research square · 2025Article
- Schooling and intimate partner violence: retrospective analysis of India's Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan using quasi-experimental techniques.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Comparing research and development, launch, and scale up timelines of 18 vaccines: lessons learnt from COVID-19 and implications for other infectious diseases.BMJ global health · 2023Review
- COVID-19 and the Hidden Damage to the Childhood Immunization Agenda in India.Indian pediatrics · 2023Article
- The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine childhood immunization coverage and timeliness in India: retrospective analysis of the National Family Health Survey of 2019-2021 data.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2023Article
- Improving vaccination coverage and timeliness through periodic intensification of routine immunization: evidence from Mission Indradhanush.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2021Article
- Monetary Valuation of Children's Cognitive Outcomes in Economic Evaluations from a Societal Perspective: A Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Why vaccines matter: understanding the broader health, economic, and child development benefits of routine vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Routine childhood vaccines are among the most cost-effective life-saving interventions. In addition, vaccines have been linked with reduced stunting and improved health and other outcomes in later life. However, evidence on such long-term benefits remain inadequate. In this study, we examined the associations between the initiation and implementation of the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in India and schooling attainment among adults. We obtained district-level data on the rollout of the UIP in 1985-1990 and matched those with data from the National Family Health Survey of India, 2015-2016. Adults who were born in the five years before and after the rollout period (1980-1995) and always lived in the same location were included in the analysis (n=109,908). We employed household, village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects linear regression models, which incorporated a wide range of socioeconomic and demographic indicators and community-level infrastructure, amenities, and access to healthcare. We compared schooling attainment in years among individuals who were born during or after the UIP was implemented in their districts (intervention group) with those who were born before UIP implementation (control group). In household fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.18 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.33; p<0.05) more schooling grades as compared with control group adults from the same household. In village or city ward, district, and state fixed-effects analysis, intervention group adults attained 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.32; p<0.001), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.19, 0.38; p<0.001), and 0.25 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.39; p<0.01) additional schooling grades, respectively, compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, positive associations between UIP implementation and schooling grades were observed among women and among rural, urban, and richer households. Our results support the association of vaccines with improved school attainment.
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