ArticleGenome biology and evolution2020
Bacterial Genes Outnumber Archaeal Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes.
Article in Genome biology and evolution, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intermediate stages in the origin of metabolism at a phosphorylating hydrothermal vent.Science advances · 2026Article
- Prediction of eukaryotic cellular complexity in Asgard archaea using structural modelling.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- A comprehensive database for high-throughput identification of archaeal lipids using high-resolution mass spectrometry.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Tracing the evolutionary pathway: on the origin of mitochondria and eukaryogenesis.The FEBS journal · 2025Article
- Surprising effects of differential loss in genome evolution: the last-one-out.FEMS microbiology letters · 2025Article
- Archaeal hemeFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- The radical impact of oxygen on prokaryotic evolution-enzyme inhibition first, uninhibited essential biosyntheses second, aerobic respiration third.FEBS letters · 2024Article
- Endosymbioses Have Shaped the Evolution of Biological Diversity and Complexity Time and Time Again.Genome biology and evolution · 2024Review
- A universal and constant rate of gene content change traces pangenome flux to LUCA.FEMS microbiology letters · 2024Article
- Phylogenomic analysis expands the known repertoire of single-stranded DNA viruses in benthic zones of the South Indian Ocean.ISME communications · 2024Article
- Cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly system identifies clients by a C-terminal tripeptide.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Omics of an Enigmatic Marine Amoeba Uncovers Unprecedented Gene Trafficking from Giant Viruses and Provides Insights into Its Complex Life Cycle.Microbiology research · 2023Article
- Review
- Bacterial origins of human cell-autonomous innate immune mechanisms.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2022Review
- Protein folds as synapomorphies of the tree of life.Evolution; international journal of organic evolution · 2022Article
- Article
- Unique mobile elements and scalable gene flow at the prokaryote-eukaryote boundary revealed by circularized Asgard archaea genomes.Nature microbiology · 2022Article
- Implications of divergence of methionine adenosyltransferase in archaea.FEBS open bio · 2022Article
- Chromosome segregation in Archaea: SegA- and SegB-DNA complex structures provide insights into segrosome assembly.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
- Reconciling Asgardarchaeota Phylogenetic Proximity to Eukaryotes and Planctomycetes Cellular Features in the Evolution of Life.Molecular biology and evolution · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Eukaryotes are typically depicted as descendants of archaea, but their genomes are evolutionary chimeras with genes stemming from archaea and bacteria. Which prokaryotic heritage predominates? Here, we have clustered 19,050,992 protein sequences from 5,443 bacteria and 212 archaea with 3,420,731 protein sequences from 150 eukaryotes spanning six eukaryotic supergroups. By downsampling, we obtain estimates for the bacterial and archaeal proportions. Eukaryotic genomes possess a bacterial majority of genes. On average, the majority of bacterial genes is 56% overall, 53% in eukaryotes that never possessed plastids, and 61% in photosynthetic eukaryotic lineages, where the cyanobacterial ancestor of plastids contributed additional genes to the eukaryotic lineage. Intracellular parasites, which undergo reductive evolution in adaptation to the nutrient rich environment of the cells that they infect, relinquish bacterial genes for metabolic processes. Such adaptive gene loss is most pronounced in the human parasite Encephalitozoon intestinalis with 86% archaeal and 14% bacterial derived genes. The most bacterial eukaryote genome sampled is rice, with 67% bacterial and 33% archaeal genes. The functional dichotomy, initially described for yeast, of archaeal genes being involved in genetic information processing and bacterial genes being involved in metabolic processes is conserved across all eukaryotic supergroups.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.