Trial reportBMJ global health2020
Effects of improved complementary feeding and improved water, sanitation and hygiene on early child development among HIV-exposed children: substudy of a cluster randomised trial in rural Zimbabwe.
Trial report in BMJ global health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01824940 (Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Project), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Project
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements for children age 6-24 months: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of effects on developmental outcomes and effect modifiers.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Growth, physical, and cognitive function in children who are born HIV-free: School-age follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial in rural Zimbabwe.PLoS medicine · 2024Trial
- Attention Test Assessment from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of Caregiver Training for Ugandan Preschool Children Living with Perinatal HIV.Developmental neuropsychology · 2023Trial
- Participation in a Community-Based Women's Health Education Program and At-Risk Child Development in Rural Kenya: Developmental Screening Questionnaire Results Analysis.Global health, science and practice · 2021Trial
- Measuring neurodevelopment in iron-deficient children in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of evidence and gaps.Global epidemiology · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopment in Children Exposed to Antenatal CMV Viremia in a High HIV Prevalence Area.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Systemic Inflammation and Growth in Children Born to Mothers With and Without HIV in Rural Zimbabwe.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Care of the Child Perinatally Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Clinics in perinatology · 2024Review
- Inflammation and cytomegalovirus viremia during pregnancy drive sex-differentiated differences in mortality and immune development in HIV-exposed infants.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Neurodevelopment among children exposed to HIV and uninfected in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial: Protocol for school-age follow-up.Wellcome open research · 2023Article
- Article
- Piloting the adaptation of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-2Wellcome open research · 2022Article
- Neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children exposed to malaria during pregnancy: An observational birth cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2021Observational
- Mortality, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Transmission, and Growth in Children Exposed to HIV in Rural Zimbabwe.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Inflammatory pathways amongst people living with HIV in Malawi differ according to socioeconomic status.PloS one · 2021Article
- Early child development in children who are HIV-exposed uninfected compared to children who are HIV-unexposed: observational sub-study of a cluster-randomized trial in rural Zimbabwe.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Observational
- Article
- Exploring Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Status and Health Outcomes in Zimbabwe: A Scoping Review of Literature.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: HIV-exposed uninfected children may be at risk of poor neurodevelopment. We aimed to test the impact of improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on early child development (ECD) outcomes. Methods: Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy was a cluster randomised 2×2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01824940). Pregnant women were eligible if they lived in study clusters allocated to standard-of-care (SOC; 52 clusters); IYCF (20 g small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement/day from 6 to 18 months, complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters); WASH (pit latrine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, play space, hygiene counselling; 53 clusters) or IYCF +WASH (53 clusters). Participants and fieldworkers were not blinded. ECD was assessed at 24 months using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT; assessing motor, cognitive, language and social skills); MacArthur Bates Communication Development Inventory (assessing vocabulary and grammar); A-not-B test (assessing object permanence) and a self-control task. Intention-to-treat analyses were stratified by maternal HIV status. Results: Compared with SOC, children randomised to combined IYCF +WASH had higher total MDAT scores (mean difference +4.6; 95% CI 1.9 to 7.2) and MacArthur Bates vocabulary scores (+8.5 words; 95% CI 3.7 to 13.3), but there was no evidence of effects from IYCF or WASH alone. There was no evidence that that any intervention impacted object permanence or self-control. Conclusions: Combining IYCF and WASH interventions significantly improved motor, language and cognitive development in HIV-exposed children. Trial registration number: NCT01824940.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.