ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2020
Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 7 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 1,575 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Conducting an Initial Small, Controlled Clinical Pharmacology Trial to Assess for Therapeutic Biologics Activity (Proof-of-Concept) That Suggests the Potential for Clinical Benefits of COVID-19 Patients With Controlled Cancers.
Study of Immune-mediated Mechanisms in Patients Tested Positive for SARS-CoV-2: Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Monocytes and NK Cells in the Blood of Subjects Affected by Covid 19
Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Vaccination With Bacillus Calmette and Guérin (BCG) in the Prevention of COVID-19 Via the Strengthening of Innate Immunity in Health Care Workers
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Against Covid-19 for Prevention and Amelioration of Severity Trial
A Phase I/II Randomized, Prospective, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Single-center Study to Evaluate the Ability of Sublingual MV130 to Induce the Expression of Trained Immunity in Peripheral Blood Cells
Conducting an Initial Small, Controlled Clinical Pharmacology Trial to Assess for Therapeutic Biologics Activity (Proof-of-Concept) That Suggests the Potential for Clinical Benefits of HIV (+) Patients
Using AS01 Adjuvant to Improve Immune Response in Older Adults Through Trained Immunity
Who cites it
1,575 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Polypore mushroom mycelia as an adjunct to COVID-19 vaccination: a randomized clinical trial.BMC immunology · 2026Trial
- Review
- Resetting immunometabolic set points in autoimmune disease.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Review
- Review
- Reframing evidence on the BCG vaccine: What emerging systematic reviews and meta-analyses reveal about efficacy, safety, and heterogeneity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Monocytes in pneumonia: Functional plasticity and innate memory (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- DNA-based vaccines: Advances, applications, and future prospects.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Immune-epigenetic convergence in biomaterial-guided tissue regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Anisotropic Masked Mycobacterium Potentiates Amplified Antitumor Trained Immunity via Spleen Targeting and Myelopoiesis Conversion.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Good neighbors make lasting memory.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Rethinking the Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell: One Cell, Many Functions.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Construction and evaluation of a chronic arthritis animal model induced by persistent activation of toll-like receptors via lipopolysaccharide stimulation.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Convergent evolution of immune evasion in ESKAPE pathogens: A cross-pathogen architecture of conserved host-defense checkpoints.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Systemic reprogramming of monocytes in Crohn's disease promotes their intestinal inflammatory function.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Peripheral immune-cell bioenergetics in acute and stable schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Phage-display immunoprecipitation sequencing reveals distinct antibody repertoire patterns across rural and urban populations.iScience · 2026Article
- Non-Conventional Yeasts with Probiotic Potential: Diversity, Functional Role, Sustainable Bioprocessing and Local Relevance.Microorganisms · 2026Review
1,515 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immune memory is a defining feature of the acquired immune system, but activation of the innate immune system can also result in enhanced responsiveness to subsequent triggers. This process has been termed 'trained immunity', a de facto innate immune memory. Research in the past decade has pointed to the broad benefits of trained immunity for host defence but has also suggested potentially detrimental outcomes in immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we define 'trained immunity' as a biological process and discuss the innate stimuli and the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming events that shape the induction of trained immunity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.