ArticleDiabetes care2020
Early Childhood Antibiotic Treatment for Otitis Media and Other Respiratory Tract Infections Is Associated With Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Nationwide Register-Based Study With Sibling Analysis.
Article in Diabetes care, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antibiotic Exposure in Early Life and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Early-life antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- The association between early-life (during pregnancy and after birth) antibiotic exposure and type 1 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Antibiotic treatment to prevent pediatric acute otitis media infectious complications: A meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Infections in the first year of life and development of beta cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes in high-risk individuals: the TRIGR cohort.Diabetologia · 2022Trial
- Dietary and nutritional strategies for reducing disease risk associated with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Early life antibiotic-use and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study utilising data linkage.Pediatric diabetes · 2026Article
- Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy or early infancy and the risk of autoimmune disease in children: A nationwide cohort study in Korea.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Stable heritability of type 1 diabetes in a Swedish Nationwide Cohort Study.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The effect of the administration form of antibiotic therapy on the gut microbiome in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers - DFIATIM trial.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Antibiotic Use In Utero and Early Life and Risk of Chronic Childhood Conditions in New Zealand: Protocol for a Data Linkage Retrospective Cohort Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Article
- Infections and antibiotic use in early childhood have limited importance in developing manifest type 1 diabetes - The ABIS cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- The impact of day care attendance on antibiotic use among children aged 0-12 years: A population-based register study.PloS one · 2025Article
- Exposure to prescribed medication in early life and impacts on gut microbiota and disease development.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Review
- Article
- The Association of Antibiotic Use and the Odds of a New-Onset ICD Code Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Large National Case-Control Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessment of glucocorticoid and antibiotic exposure as risk factors for diabetes mellitus in selected dog breeds attending UK primary-care clinics.The Veterinary record · 2023Article
- Maternal depression or anxiety during pregnancy and offspring type 1 diabetes: a population-based family-design cohort study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe effect of early-life antibiotic treatment on the risk of type 1 diabetes is debated. This study assessed this question, applying a register-based design in children up to age 10 years including a large sibling-control analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsAll singleton children (
resultsType 1 diabetes developed in 1,297 children during the follow-up (median 4.0 years [range 0-8.3]). Prescribed antibiotics in the 1st year of life (23.8%) were associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.19 [95% CI 1.05-1.36]), with larger effect estimates among children delivered by cesarean section (
conclusionsDispensed prescription of antibiotics, mainly for acute otitis media and respiratory tract infections, in the 1st year of life is associated with an increased risk of type 1 diabetes before age 10 years, most prominently in children delivered by cesarean section.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.